ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2017
Epidemiology of HIV and hepatitis C infection among women who inject drugs in Northeast India: a respondent-driven sampling study.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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11 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Dual Burden of Hepatitis B and C Among Drug Users in Asia: The First Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- HIV, hepatitis B & C in people who inject drugs in India: A systematic review of regional heterogeneity & overview of opioid substitution treatment.The Indian journal of medical research · 2023Pooled it
- HIV among people who inject drugs in India: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Voucher incentives to improve viral suppression among HIV-positive people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men in India: a cluster randomised trial.The lancet. HIV · 2024Trial
- Respondent-driven sampling is more efficient than facility-based strategies at identifying undiagnosed people who inject drugs living with HIV in India.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- HIV and its associated factors among people who inject drugs in Mizoram, Northeast India.PloS one · 2023Article
- Combating illicit fentanyl: Will increased Chinese regulation generate a public health crisis in India?Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Outcomes of Real-World Integrated HCV Microelimination for People Who Inject Drugs: An expansion of the Punjab Model.EClinicalMedicine · 2021Article
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Prevalence of HBsAg and HIV and HCV Antibodies among People Who Inject Drugs and Female Sex Workers.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- HIV prevalence correlated with circumcision prevalence and high-risk sexual behavior in India's states: an ecological study.F1000Research · 2019Article
- Substance Use, Mental Health, HIV Testing, and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the State of Maharashtra, India.AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education · 2018Article
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7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsDespite extensive research on HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) among people who inject drugs (PWID), there remains a gap in knowledge on the burden among women who inject drugs and their unique contexts and risk factors. This analysis compares HIV and HCV prevalence in female and male PWID and estimates injection and sexual risk correlates of prevalent HIV and HCV infection among women in Northeast India.
designCross-sectional sample accrued using respondent-driven sampling.
settingSeven cities in Northeast India, 2013.
participantsA total of 6457 adult PWID. MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed an interviewer-administered survey. HIV infection was diagnosed on-site and HCV antibody testing was performed on stored specimens. HIV and HCV prevalence estimates were stratified by gender. Among women, the association of risk correlates with HIV and HCV were estimated using multi-level logistic regression models.
findingsA total of 796 (15.9%) of the PWID were women, of whom 52.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 49.3-56.5%] were HIV-infected and 22.3% (CI = 19.9-24.7%) were HCV-infected. HIV and HCV prevalence among men was 17.4% (CI = 16.9-24.7%) and 30.4% (CI = 31.2-32.0%), respectively. Among women, correlates of HIV were widowhood [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) versus currently married = 4.03, CI = 2.13-7.60] and a higher number of life-time sexual partners (aOR ≥8 versus none = 3.08, CI = 1.07-8.86). Correlates of HCV were longer injection duration (aOR per 10 years = 1.70, CI = 1.25-2.27), injecting only heroin and a combination of drugs (aOR versus pharmaceuticals only = 5.63, CI = 1.68-18.9 and aOR = 2.58, CI = 1.60-4.16, respectively), sharing needles/syringes (aOR = 2.46, CI = 1.29-4.56) and a larger PWID network (aOR ≥ 51 versus 1-5 = 4.17, CI = 2.43-7.17).
conclusionsWomen who inject drugs in Northeast India have a high HIV prevalence, which was more than double their hepatitis C (HCV) prevalence, an opposite pattern than is observed typically among male PWID. HIV infection is associated with sexual risk factors while injection-related behaviors appear to drive HCV infection.
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