Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28315761›Full record

ArticlePreventive medicine2017

A growing geographic disparity: Rural and urban cigarette smoking trends in the United States.

N J Doogan, M E Roberts, M E Wewers, C A Stanton, D R Keith, D E Gaalema, A N Kurti, R Redner, A Cepeda-Benito, J Y Bunn and 2 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Preventive medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07073898 (Population Health Management Approaches to Increase Lung Cancer Screening in Community Health Centers - UG3 Pilot Clinical Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 184 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
184citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07073898 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Population Health Management Approaches to Increase Lung Cancer Screening in Community Health Centers - UG3 Pilot Clinical Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of UtahRan2025 to 2026Enrolled65ConditionsLung CancerArmsRepeated Text Messages (TM+), Conversational Agent (CA), Educational Video, Proactive Patient Navigation (PPN), Reactive Patient Navigation (RPN)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

184 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. RuralEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026
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  5. Real-time video counselling for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019
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  15. Demographic factors and rural residence history associated with smoking history.Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · 2026
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124 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

N J DooganCenter of Excellence in Tobacco Regulatory Science, The Ohio State University, College of Public Health, 1841 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Electronic address: Doogan.1@osu.edu.
M E RobertsCenter of Excellence in Tobacco Regulatory Science, The Ohio State University, College of Public Health, 1841 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
M E WewersCenter of Excellence in Tobacco Regulatory Science, The Ohio State University, College of Public Health, 1841 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
C A StantonCenter for Evaluation and Coordination of Training and Research (CECTR) in Tobacco Regulatory Science, Westat, 1600 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Department of Oncology/Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Research Building, Suite E501, 3970 Reservoir Road, N.W., Washington D.C. 20057, USA.
D R KeithDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, MS 446AR6, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
D E GaalemaVermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, Given Building, 89 Beaumont Ave., Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
A N KurtiVermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, Given Building, 89 Beaumont Ave., Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
R RednerRehabilitation Institute, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Rehn Hall, Mail Code 4609, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
A Cepeda-BenitoVermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, Given Building, 89 Beaumont Ave., Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, John Dewey Hall, Rm 248, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405-0134, USA.
J Y BunnVermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, Given Building, 89 Beaumont Ave., Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
A A LopezDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, MS 446AR6, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
S T HigginsVermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, Given Building, 89 Beaumont Ave., Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.

Funding

Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory ScienceP50DA036114 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HIGGINS, STEPHEN T · 2013 to 2017
$19.1M
Project 4: Comprehension of Health Risks in More and Less Arousing Affe p240-275P50CA180908 · NCI · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI SHIELDS, PETER G., WEWERS, MARY ELLEN · 2013 to 2017
$18.9M
Leadership and Administrative Core (p 188-304)U54CA189222 · NCI · WESTAT, INC. · PI ABRAMS, DAVID BRIAN, ROSENTHAL, JEANNE · 2014 to 2018
$8.5M
TRAINING IN BEHAV. PHARMACOLOGY OF HUMAN DRUG DEPENDENCET32DA007242 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT &ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HEIL, SARAH H, HIGGINS, STEPHEN T · 1990 to 2025
$8.2M
NCI NIH HHS P50 CA180908NCI NIH HHS U54 CA189222NIDA NIH HHS P50 DA036114NIDA NIH HHS T32 DA007242
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rural areas of the United States have a higher smoking prevalence than urban areas. However, no recent studies have rigorously examined potential changes in this disparity over time or whether the disparity can be explained by demographic or psychosocial characteristics associated with smoking. The present study used yearly cross sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2007 through 2014 to examine cigarette smoking trends in rural versus urban areas of the United States. The analytic sample included 303,311 respondents. Two regression models were built to examine (a) unadjusted rural and urban trends in prevalence of current smoking and (b) whether differences remained after adjusting for demographic and psychosocial characteristics. Results of the unadjusted model showed disparate and diverging cigarette use trends during the 8-year time period. The adjusted model also showed diverging trends, initially with no or small differences that became more pronounced across the 8-year period. We conclude that differences reported in earlier studies may be explained by differences in rural versus urban demographic and psychosocial risk factors, while more recent and growing disparities appear to be related to other factors. These emergent differences may be attributable to policy-level tobacco control and regulatory factors that disproportionately benefit urban areas such as enforcement of regulations around the sale and marketing of tobacco products and treatment availability. Strong federal policies and targeted or tailored interventions may be important to expanding tobacco control and regulatory benefits to vulnerable populations including rural Americans.

Indexed as

Health Status DisparitiesAdolescentAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHealth SurveysHumansMaleMarketingMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk FactorsRural PopulationSmokingSocioeconomic FactorsHealth status disparitiesRural healthTobacco products

Identifiers

PMID28315761
PMCPMC5600673

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.