ArticleQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation2017
Decrements in health-related quality of life associated with gender nonconformity among U.S. adolescents and young adults.
Article in Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Social epidemiology of gender diversity in early adolescents.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Understanding the role of gender congruence and affirming care in trans men's body image and quality of life.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Expanding the Lens: Recent Developments at the Intersection of Pediatric Chronic Pain and Gender Diversity.Current pain and headache reports · 2025Review
- Suicidality at the intersection of sex, sexual orientation, and gender expression among secondary school students in Hong Kong: a population-based study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2024Article
- Problems in management of medication overuse headache in transgender and gender non-conforming populations.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
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- Kept in the Closet: Structural Stigma and the Timing of Sexual Minority Developmental Milestones Across 28 European Countries.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2023Article
- Operationalization of a multidimensional sex/gender concept for quantitative environmental health research and implementation in the KORA study: Results of the collaborative research project INGER.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Molecular mechanisms of hormones implicated in migraine and the translational implication for transgender patients.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Gender Expression, Peer Victimization, and Disordered Weight-Control Behaviors Among U.S. High School Students.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2021Article
- Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Intimate Partner Violence in Adolescence and Young Adulthood.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2021Article
- Transgender-Related Insurance Denials as Barriers to Transgender Healthcare: Differences in Experience by Insurance Type.Journal of general internal medicine · 2020Article
- The association of disordered eating with health-related quality of life in U.S. young adults and effect modification by gender.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2020Article
- Does Gender Nonconforming Behavior in Early Childhood Predict Adolescents' Depressive Symptoms?Sex roles · 2019Article
- Survey of Heteronormative Attitudes and Tolerance Toward Gender Non-conformity in Mountain West Undergraduate Students.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
- Article
- Health and Care Utilization of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth: A Population-Based Study.Pediatrics · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeGender nonconformity, that is, transgressing conventionally "masculine" vs. "feminine" characteristics, is often stigmatized. Stigmatization and discrimination are social stressors that raise risk of adverse mental and physical health outcomes and may drive health inequities. However, little is known about the relationship between such social stressors and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). This paper aimed to examine associations between perceived gender nonconformity and HRQOL in a cohort of U.S. adolescents and young adults.
methodsUsing data from 8408 participants (18-31 years) in the U.S. Growing Up Today Study (93% white, 88% middle-to-high income), we estimated risk ratios (RRs) for the association of gender nonconformity (three levels: highly gender conforming, moderately conforming, and gender nonconforming) and HRQOL using the EuroQol questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Models were adjusted for demographic characteristics, including sexual orientation identity.
resultsGender nonconformity was independently associated with increased risk of having problems with mobility [RR (95% confidence interval): 1.76 (1.16, 2.68)], usual activities [2.29 (1.67, 3.13)], pain or discomfort [1.59, (1.38, 1.83)], and anxiety or depression [1.72 (1.39, 2.13)], after adjusting for sexual orientation and demographic characteristics. Decrements in health utility by gender nonconformity were observed: compared to persons who were highly gender conforming, mean health utility was lower for the moderately gender conforming [beta (SE): -0.011 (.002)] and lowest for the most gender nonconforming [-0.034 (.005)].
conclusionsIn our study, HRQOL exhibited inequities by gender nonconformity. Future studies, including in more diverse populations, should measure the effect of gender-related harassment, discrimination, and violence victimization on health and HRQOL.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.