ReviewAmerican journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology2017
Immune checkpoint dysfunction in large and medium vessel vasculitis.
Review in American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gene and miRNA expression in giant cell arteritis-a concise systematic review of significantly modified studies.Clinical rheumatology · 2019Pooled it
- Vasculitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors-a systematic review.Clinical rheumatology · 2018Pooled it
- Aortitis as a High-Risk Vascular Syndrome: Integrating Phenotype-Driven Diagnosis, Multidisciplinary Assessment, and Personalised Management.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Thromboembolic events in giant cell arteritis: a scoping review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Unraveling Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Cardiovascular Toxicities: Pathway Insights, Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapeutic Targets.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Rapid endothelialization of printed vascular grafts by perivascular niche-circulating endothelial progenitors crosstalk.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Monocytes/Macrophages in Giant Cell Arteritis-Polymyalgia Rheumatica Spectrum Disease.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Uncovering the New Biology of Giant Cell Arteritis to Guide Therapeutic Strategies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Sustained immune youth risks autoimmune disease in the aging host.Nature aging · 2025Review
- Arterial and venous thrombosis in systemic and monogenic vasculitis.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2025Review
- Soluble Co-Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Molecules Are Increased in Patients With Polymyalgia Rheumatica Without Significant Correlations With Clinical Status: A Case-Control Study.ACR open rheumatology · 2025Article
- The role of immune checkpoints PD-1 and CTLA-4 in cardiovascular complications leading to heart failure.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- A bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2024 reveals research hotspots and trends in the immunotherapy for vasculitis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Nanobodies as innovative immune checkpoint modulators: advancing cancer immunotherapy.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Review
- Giant cell arteritis and therapeutic response: a dual facet of immunotherapy in metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma.Oxford medical case reports · 2024Article
- An underrecognized association: immune checkpoint inhibitor-related aortitis, a case report with the review of the literature.International cancer conference journal · 2024Article
- Review
- Association between Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Another Brick in the Wall.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Review
- Giant Cell Arteritis: Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis and Implications for Clinical Practice.Cells · 2024Review
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a granulomatous vasculitis of the aorta and its medium-sized branch vessels. CD4 T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) build granulomatous infiltrates that injure the vessel wall and elicit a maladaptive response to injury. Pathological consequences include fragmentation of elastic membranes, destruction of the medial layer, microvascular neoangiogenesis, massive outgrowth of myofibroblasts, and lumen-occlusive intimal hyperplasia. Antigens have been suspected to drive the local activation of vasculitogenic CD4 T cells, but recent data have suggested a more generalized defect in the threshold setting of such T cells, rendering them hyperreactive. Under physiological conditions, immune checkpoints provide negative signals to curb T cell activation and prevent inflammation-associated tissue destruction. This protective mechanism is disrupted in GCA. Vessel wall DCs fail to express the immunoinhibitory ligand programmed cell death ligand-1, leaving lesional T cells unchecked. Consequently, programmed cell death protein-1-positive CD4 T cells can enter the immunoprivileged vessel wall, where they produce a broad spectrum of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, IL-17, and IL-21) and have a direct role in driving intimal hyperplasia and intramural neoangiogenesis. The deficiency of the programmed cell death protein-1 immune checkpoint in GCA, promoting unopposed T cell immunity, contrasts with checkpoint hyperactivity in cancer patients in whom excessive programmed cell death ligand-1 expression paralyzes the function of antitumor T cells. Excessive checkpoint activity is the principle underlying cancer-immune evasion and is therapeutically targeted by immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors. Such checkpoint inhibitors, which unleash anticancer T cells and induce immune-related toxicity, may lead to drug-induced vasculitis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.