ReviewMicrobiology spectrum2017
Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome.
Review in Microbiology spectrum, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Granulomatous Sarcoidosis Mimics.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Overcoming Treatment Challenges in HIV-Associated Mycobacterial Diseases: New Therapeutic Frontiers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Computed tomography imaging characteristics of paradoxical reactions in perihepatic and hepatic tuberculosis.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2025Article
- Aspergillus-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in pediatric cancer patients, clinical characteristics, imaging findings, and survival.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Changes in Inflammatory Markers in Patients Treated for Buruli Ulcer and Their Ability to Predict Paradoxical Reactions.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Cecal Perforation Following Intraperitoneal Abscess after Anti-tubercular Therapy: A Case Report.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2023Article
- Drug-induced sarcoidosis-like reaction three months after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: A case report and review of literature.World journal of clinical cases · 2023Article
- Article
- Sterile tuberculous granuloma in a patient with XDR-TB treated with bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid.BMJ case reports · 2021Article
- Potential disease trigger as a therapeutic option: infliximab for paradoxical reaction in tuberculosis of the central nervous system.BMJ case reports · 2021Article
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome with Recurrent Paradoxical Cerebellar HIV-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- A Primer on the Clinical Aspects of Sarcoidosis for the Basic and Translational Scientist.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Cutaneous tuberculosis and HIV infection at a referral centre in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In HIV-infected individuals, paradoxical reactions after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with a variety of underlying infections and have been called the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). In cases of IRIS associated with tuberculosis (TB), two distinct patterns of disease are recognized: (i) the progression of subclinical TB to clinical disease after the initiation of ART, referred to as unmasking, and (ii) the progression or appearance of new clinical and/or radiographic disease in patients with previously recognized TB after the initiation of ART, the classic or "paradoxical" TB-IRIS. IRIS can potentially occur in all granulomatous diseases, not just infectious ones. All granulomatous diseases are thought to result from interplay of inflammatory cells and mediators. One of the inflammatory cells thought to be integral to the development of the granuloma is the CD4 T lymphocyte. Therefore, HIV-infected patients with noninfectious granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis may also develop IRIS reactions. Here, we describe IRIS in HIV-infected patients with TB and sarcoidosis and review the basic clinical and immunological aspects of these phenomena.
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