ArticlePreventing chronic disease2017
Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence by Race/Ethnicity and Sex in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-2012.
Article in Preventing chronic disease, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03894527 (Impact of Acute Exercise on Vascular Insulin Sensitivity in Metabolic Syndrome), which is not on this map. Cited by 513 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Impact of Acute Exercise on Vascular Insulin Sensitivity in Metabolic Syndrome
Who cites it
513 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 936 citations in OpenAlex.
- The clinical effects of probiotic supplementations on metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Ethnic differences in metabolic syndrome in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic review of the effect of caffeine therapy effect on cardiometabolic markers in rat models of the metabolic syndrome.BMC endocrine disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Ultra-processed food consumption and increased risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Lifestyle Intervention for Sustained Remission of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA internal medicine · 2026Trial
- Association of Lifestyle-Induced Weight Loss With Gene Expression in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Syndrome.Journal of diabetes · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Yoga practice can reduce metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in climacteric women.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2024Trial
- Trial
- The gut microbiome-bile acid-FXR interplay: a pivotal axis in metabolic and gastrointestinal diseases.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Perceived Discrimination, Preparation for Bias, and Associations with Physical and Mental Health of Racially/Ethnically Marginalized Children.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet Pattern and Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Among U.S. Young Adults: Cross-Sectional Study From the NHANES 2011-2018.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Exercise training does not mitigate high-phosphate diet-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle in male mice.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Metabolic Dysfunction After Initiation of Androgen Receptor Pathway Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer.JAMA oncology · 2026Article
- Adiposity and inflammation mediate altered metabolic profile in individuals with opioid use disorder.Journal of psychiatric research · 2026Article
- Psychological Resilience to Trauma and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Women.Biopsychosocial science and medicine · 2026Article
- Examining the Role of the Social Vulnerability Index in the Association between Race/Ethnicity and Breast Cancer Outcomes.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Can Polygenic Risk Scores for Metabolic Syndrome Contribute to Long-Term Syndrome Development in First-Episode Psychosis Patients? A Naturalistic 21-Year Follow-Up Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- CD59 drives diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.npj metabolic health and disease · 2026Article
453 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionMetabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors associated with increased risk of multiple chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome overall, by race and sex, and to assess trends in prevalence from 1988 through 2012.
methodsWe analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 1988 through 2012. We defined metabolic syndrome as the presence of at least 3 of these components: elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, and elevated fasting blood glucose. Data were analyzed for 3 periods: 1988-1994, 1999-2006, and 2007-2012.
resultsAmong US adults aged 18 years or older, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome rose by more than 35% from 1988-1994 to 2007-2012, increasing from 25.3% to 34.2%. During 2007-2012, non-Hispanic black men were less likely than non-Hispanic white men to have metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.89). However, non-Hispanic black women were more likely than non-Hispanic white women to have metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02-1.40). Low education level (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.32-1.84) and advanced age (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.67-1.80) were independently associated with increased likelihood of metabolic syndrome during 2007-2012.
conclusionMetabolic syndrome prevalence increased from 1988 to 2012 for every sociodemographic group; by 2012, more than a third of all US adults met the definition and criteria for metabolic syndrome agreed to jointly by several international organizations.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.