SynthesisActa obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica2017
Cause of and factors associated with stillbirth: a systematic review of classification systems.
Synthesis in Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Global prevalence of stillbirth among fetuses from twin pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Pooled it
- The global use of the International Classification of Diseases to Perinatal Mortality (ICD-PM): A systematic review.Journal of global health · 2022Pooled it
- Cause of and factors associated with stillbirth: a systematic review of classification systems.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2017Pooled it
- (De)coding perinatal deaths: applying the International Classification of Diseases to perinatal mortality to a perinatal e-registry from 16 hospitals in Benin, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda.Global health action · 2026Article
- Review
- Stillbirths in Colombia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis by geographic location and health insurance.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Machine learning analysis of pregnancy-related factors and stillbirth: a retrospective cohort study of 65,000 pregnant women in Shuyang, Suqian, Jiangsu, China, 2019-2024.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Machine learning for preventing stillbirths: is it possible to transform data into life-saving insights?BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- An In-Depth Analysis and Classification of Placental Causes of Stillbirth: A 10-Year Retrospective Study of a Regional Stillbirth Registry.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- Trends in the causes of stillbirths over 20 years in Southern Japan.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Identifying causes and associated factors of stillbirths using autopsy of the fetus and placenta.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Observational
- Placental lesions in stillbirths: A case-control study using the Amsterdam criteria and predictive models at a UK tertiary unit.PloS one · 2025Article
- Space-time trends in fetal mortality in Brazil, 1996-2021.Revista de saude publica · 2025Article
- Development and cross-sectional morphology of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in human fetuses.Anatomy & cell biology · 2024Article
- Multidisciplinary Workup for Stillbirth at a Tertiary-Care Hospital in Northeast Mexico: Findings, Challenges and Perspectives.Maternal and child health journal · 2024Observational
- Identifying avoidable causes of perinatal deaths in a district hospital in Lesotho.Curationis · 2024Article
- The application of the ICD-10 for antepartum stillbirth patients in a referral centre of Eastern China: a retrospective study from 2015 to 2022.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Rates and risk factors for antepartum and intrapartum stillbirths in 20 secondary hospitals in Imo state, Nigeria: A hospital-based case control study.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Effects of community-based interventions for stillbirths in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Proteomic profile of extracellular vesicles in maternal plasma of women with fetal death.The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAn estimated 2.6 million stillbirths occur worldwide each year. A standardized classification system setting out possible cause of death and contributing factors is useful to help obtain comparative data across different settings. We undertook a systematic review of stillbirth classification systems to highlight their strengths and weaknesses for practitioners and policymakers. MATERIAL AND
methodsWe conducted a systematic search and review of the literature to identify the classification systems used to aggregate information for stillbirth and perinatal deaths. Narrative synthesis was used to compare the range and depth of information required to apply the systems, and the different categories provided for cause of and factors contributing to stillbirth.
resultsA total of 118 documents were screened; 31 classification systems were included, of which six were designed specifically for stillbirth, 14 for perinatal death, three systems included neonatal deaths and two included infant deaths. Most (27/31) were developed in and first tested using data obtained from high-income settings. All systems required information from clinical records. One-third of the classification systems (11/31) included information obtained from histology or autopsy. The percentage where cause of death remained unknown ranged from 0.39% using the Nordic-Baltic classification to 46.4% using the Keeling system.
conclusionOver time, classification systems have become more complex. The success of application is dependent on the availability of detailed clinical information and laboratory investigations. Systems that adopt a layered approach allow for classification of cause of death to a broad as well as to a more detailed level.
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