ArticleFrontiers in physiology2017
The Science of Racing against Opponents: Affordance Competition and the Regulation of Exercise Intensity in Head-to-Head Competition.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- "Do probiotics mitigate GI-induced inflammation and perceived fatigue in athletes? A systematic review".Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Pacing Behaviour Development and Acquisition: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine - open · 2022Pooled it
- Energy Availability as a Neurocognitive Regulator of Endurance Performance: Integrating Metabolic, Perceptual, and Decision-Making Mechanisms-A Narrative Review.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Performance, cardioventilatory and perceptual responses to perceived opponent ability during head-to-head cycling competition.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Toward a record-eligible sub-2-hour marathon: an updated integrative framework of Physiological, technological, and cognitive determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Review
- Metabolic-Respiratory Priming in judo: a physiological perspective on performance onset.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Bank-speed alignment: a conceptual framework for understanding indoor track performance.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- Case report: Elevation variability and pacing regulation in an elite half-marathon runner: a longitudinal case study.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Stress Management in Athletes: Predictive Effects of Sleep Deprivation-Induced Cognitive Control Changes on Competition Performance.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Article
- The effect of forced even pacing and an opponent on end-spurt behaviour in freestyle pool swimming.European journal of sport science · 2024Article
- Supporting athletes during a challenging situation: recommendations from a global insight of COVID-19 home-based training experience.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2024Article
- The perception of time is slowed in response to exercise, an effect not further compounded by competitors: behavioral implications for exercise and health.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Running Variability in Marathon-Evaluation of the Pacing Variables.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Reaching conceptual stability by re-articulating empirical and theoretical work on affordances.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Review
- Influence of intellectual disability on exercise regulation: exploring verbal, auditory and visual guidance to contribute to promote inclusive exercise environments.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2024Article
- Pacing Variation in Multistage Ultramarathons: Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Virtual reality exercise platforms and the possibility for novel, engaging research in sport, exercise and health.Performance enhancement & health · 2023Article
- The Role of Cognition and Social Factors in Competition: How Do People with Intellectual Disabilities Respond to Opponents?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Athlete-environment interactions are crucial factors in understanding the regulation of exercise intensity in head-to-head competitions. Previously, we have proposed a framework based on the interdependence of perception and action, which allows us to explore athletic behavior in the more complex pacing situations occurring when athletes need to respond to actions of their opponents. In the present perspective we will further explore whether opponents, crucial external factors in competitive sports, could indeed be perceived as social invitations for action. Decisions regarding how to expend energy over the race are based on internal factors such as the physiological/biomechanical capacity of the athlete in relation to external factors such as those presented by opponents. For example: Is the athlete able to overtake competitors, or not? We present several experimental studies that demonstrate that athletes regulate their exercise intensity differently in head-to-head competition compared to time-trial exercises: Relational athlete-environment aspects seem to outweigh benefits of the individual optimal energy distribution. Also, the behavior of the opponents has been shown to influence pacing strategies of competing athletes, again demonstrating the importance of relational athlete-environment aspects in addition to strictly internal factors. An ecological perspective is presented in which opponents are proposed to present social affordances, and decision-making is conceptualized as a resultant of affordance-competition. This approach will provide novel insights in tactical decision-making and pacing behavior in head-to-head competitions. Future research should not only focus on the athlete's internal state, but also try to understand opponents in the context of the social affordances they provide.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.