Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28292323›Full record

ArticleBMC psychology2017

Relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, and social anxiety in young Japanese women.

Miho Tsuruta, Toru Takahashi, Miki Tokunaga, Masanori Iwasaki, Shota Kataoka, Satoko Kakuta, Inho Soh, Shuji Awano, Hiromi Hirata, Masaharu Kagawa and 1 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC psychology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
3.9field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Miho TsurutaDivision of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan.
Toru TakahashiGraduate School of Human Environment Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Miki TokunagaSchool of Nutrition & Dietetics, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan.
Masanori IwasakiDivision of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan.
Shota KataokaDivision of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan.
Satoko KakutaDivision of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan.
Inho SohDivision of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan.
Shuji AwanoDivision of Clinical Education Development and Research, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan.
Hiromi HirataDevelopmental Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, Sakado, Japan.
Masaharu KagawaInstitution of Nutrition Sciences, Kagawa Nutrition University, Sakado, Japan.
Toshihiro AnsaiDivision of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan. ansai@kyu-dent.ac.jp.
Kyushu Dental University · JPKagawa Nutrition University · JPFukuoka Women's University · JPKanagawa University of Human Services · JP

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPathologic subjective halitosis is known as a halitosis complaint without objective confirmation of halitosis by others or by halitometer measurements; it has been reported to be associated with social anxiety disorder. Olfactory reference syndrome is a preoccupation with the false belief that one emits a foul and offensive body odor. Generally, patients with olfactory reference syndrome are concerned with multiple body parts. However, the mouth is known to be the most common source of body odor for those with olfactory reference syndrome, which could imply that the two conditions share similar features. Therefore, we investigated potential causal relationships among pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors.

methodsA total of 1360 female students (mean age 19.6 ± 1.1 years) answered a self-administered questionnaire regarding pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupation with odors of body parts such as mouth, body, armpits, and feet. The scale for pathologic subjective halitosis followed that developed by Tsunoda et al.; participants were divided into three groups based on their scores (i.e., levels of pathologic subjective halitosis). A Bayesian network was used to analyze causal relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors.

resultsWe found statistically significant differences in the results for olfactory reference syndrome and social anxiety among the various levels of pathologic subjective halitosis (P < 0.001). Residual analyses indicated that students with severe levels of pathologic subjective halitosis showed greater preoccupations with mouth and body odors (P < 0.05). Bayesian network analysis showed that social anxiety directly influenced pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome. Preoccupations with mouth and body odors also influenced pathologic subjective halitosis.

conclusionsSocial anxiety may be a causal factor of pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome.

Indexed as

AdolescentAnxiety DisordersDiagnostic Self EvaluationFemaleHalitosisHumansJapanOdorantsOlfactory PerceptionSurveys and QuestionnairesSyndromeYoung AdultBrief psychotherapyHealth volunteersOlfactory reference syndromePathologic subjective halitosisPseudohalitosisSocial anxiety

Identifiers

PMID28292323
PMCPMC5351248
OpenAlexW2596334293

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.