ArticleDevelopment and psychopathology2017
The interaction between parenting and children's cortisol reactivity at age 3 predicts increases in children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms at age 6.
Article in Development and psychopathology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Physiological responses to acute psychological stress as a biomarker for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological bulletinPooled it
- Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the association between early life stress and depression in adolescence.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Associations among hair cortisol-to-DHEA ratio, psychological capital, harsh parenting, and internalizing problems in adolescence.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Examining harsh parenting as a moderator in the association between childhood irritability and adolescent suicidal behaviors.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Cortisol Reactivity as a Moderator in the Relationship Between Home Chaos and Conduct Problems: Gender-Specific Evidence from Chinese Preschoolers.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2025Article
- The Moderating Role of Cortisol and Negative Emotionality in the Effects of Classroom Size and Window View on Young Children's Executive Functions.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Biological sensitivity to adolescent-parent discrepancies in perceived parental warmth.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2023Article
- Differential Susceptibility or Diathesis-Stress: Testing the Moderating Role of Temperament and Cortisol Levels between Fathers' Parenting and Children's Aggressive Behavior.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Adrenocortical Activity and Aggressive Behavior in Children: A Longitudinal Study on Risk and Protective Effects.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Stress system reactivity moderates the association between cumulative risk and children's externalizing symptoms.International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology · 2020Article
- The Relation between Specific Parenting Behaviors and Toddlers' Early Anxious Behaviors is Moderated by Toddler Cortisol Reactivity.Journal of abnormal child psychology · 2019Article
- Parental depression moderates the relationships of cortisol and testosterone with children's symptoms.Journal of affective disorders · 2019Article
- Callous-unemotional traits, low cortisol reactivity and physical aggression in children: findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study.Translational psychiatry · 2019Article
- Biological and Psychosocial Processes in the Development of Children's Appetitive Traits: Insights from Developmental Theory and Research.Nutrients · 2018Review
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Little is known about the role of stress reactivity in the emergence of psychopathology across early childhood. In this longitudinal study, we tested the hypothesis that child cortisol reactivity at age 3 moderates associations between early parenting and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms from age 3 to age 6. One hundred and sixty children were assessed at age 3, and 135 children were reassessed at age 6. At age 3, we exposed children to stress-inducing laboratory tasks, during which we obtained four salivary cortisol samples, and parental hostility was assessed using an observational parent-child interaction task. At ages 3 and 6, child psychiatric symptoms were assessed using a clinical interview with parents. The results indicated that the combination of high child cortisol reactivity and high observed parental hostility at age 3 was associated with greater concurrent externalizing symptoms at age 3 and predicted increases in internalizing and externalizing symptoms from age 3 to age 6. Findings highlight that increased stress reactivity, within the context of hostile parenting, plays a role in the emergence of psychopathology from preschool to school entry.
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