Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28288747›Full record

ArticleThe Lancet. Global health2017

Mobile phone-delivered reminders and incentives to improve childhood immunisation coverage and timeliness in Kenya (M-SIMU): a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Dustin G Gibson, Benard Ochieng, E Wangeci Kagucia, Joyce Were, Kyla Hayford, Lawrence H Moulton, Orin S Levine, Frank Odhiambo, Katherine L O'Brien, Daniel R Feikin

2 registry-linked trialsAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Lancet. Global health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 109 papers, 15 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
109citing papers in PubMed, 15 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01878435 nacompletednot on this map

Randomized Controlled Trial of the Impact of Mobile Phone Delivered Reminders and Travel Subsidies to Improve Childhood Immunization Coverage Rates and Timeliness in Western Kenya

TypeinterventionalSponsorJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthRan2013 to 2016Enrolled2,018ConditionsDiphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis BArmsSMS reminder, Travel subsidy, Travel subsidy 2
NCT04134689 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

DOT Selfie: A Mobile Health Intervention With Transfer of Social Bundle Incentives to Increase Treatment Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients in Uganda: A Randomized Control Trial.

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of GeorgiaRan2020 to 2023Enrolled144ConditionsTuberculosisArmsDOT Selfie Intervention, In-person DOT
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

109 citing papers in PubMed, 15 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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49 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Dustin G GibsonInternational Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: dgibso28@jhu.edu.
Benard OchiengKenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health and Research Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya.
E Wangeci KaguciaInternational Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Joyce WereKenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health and Research Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya.
Kyla HayfordInternational Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Lawrence H MoultonDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Orin S LevineInternational Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Frank OdhiamboKenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health and Research Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya.
Katherine L O'BrienInternational Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Daniel R FeikinInternational Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAs mobile phone access continues to expand globally, opportunities exist to leverage these technologies to support demand for immunisation services and improve vaccine coverage. We aimed to assess whether short message service (SMS) reminders and monetary incentives can improve immunisation uptake in Kenya.

methodsIn this cluster-randomised controlled trial, villages were randomly and evenly allocated to four groups: control, SMS only, SMS plus a 75 Kenya Shilling (KES) incentive, and SMS plus 200 KES (85 KES = USD$1). Caregivers were eligible if they had a child younger than 5 weeks who had not yet received a first dose of pentavalent vaccine. Participants in the intervention groups received SMS reminders before scheduled pentavalent and measles immunisation visits. Participants in incentive groups, additionally, received money if their child was timely immunised (immunisation within 2 weeks of the due date). Caregivers and interviewers were not masked. The proportion of fully immunised children (receiving BCG, three doses of polio vaccine, three doses of pentavalent vaccine, and measles vaccine) by 12 months of age constituted the primary outcome and was analysed with log-binomial regression and General Estimating Equations to account for correlation within clusters. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01878435.

findingsBetween Oct 14, 2013, and Oct 17, 2014, we enrolled 2018 caregivers and their infants from 152 villages into the following four groups: control (n=489), SMS only (n=476), SMS plus 75 KES (n=562), and SMS plus 200 KES (n=491). Overall, 1375 (86%) of 1600 children who were successfully followed up achieved the primary outcome, full immunisation by 12 months of age (296 [82%] of 360 control participants, 332 [86%] of 388 SMS only participants, 383 [86%] of 446 SMS plus 75 KES participants, and 364 [90%] of 406 SMS plus 200 KES participants). Children in the SMS plus 200 KES group were significantly more likely to achieve full immunisation at 12 months of age (relative risk 1·09, 95% CI 1·02-1·16, p=0·014) than children in the control group.

interpretationIn a setting with high baseline immunisation coverage levels, SMS reminders coupled with incentives significantly improved immunisation coverage and timeliness. Given that global immunisation coverage levels have stagnated around 85%, the use of incentives might be one option to reach the remaining 15%.

fundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Indexed as

Immunization ScheduleCell PhoneDiphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis VaccineFemaleHaemophilus VaccinesHepatitis B VaccinesHumansInfantInfant, NewbornInfant WelfareKenyaMaleParentsReimbursement, IncentiveReminder SystemsRural Populationdiphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-Hib-hepatitis B vaccineDiphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis VaccineHaemophilus VaccinesHepatitis B Vaccines

Identifiers

PMID28288747
PMCPMC5348605

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.