ArticleCritical care medicine2017
Delirium and Mortality in Critically Ill Children: Epidemiology and Outcomes of Pediatric Delirium.
Article in Critical care medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 146 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial of Quetiapine as a Treatment for Delirium in Critically Ill Children
A Three-phase Pilot Study of the Feasibility of the Measurement and Promotion of Sleep and the Circadian Rhythm in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Who cites it
146 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 356 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ketamine for Analgosedation in Critically Ill Mechanically Ventilated Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Critical care explorations · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of Delirium on Pediatric Critical Care Outcomes and Management Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of nursing management · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of pediatric delirium among critically ill children: a meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Antipsychotic Medications for Delirium Treatment in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review.Paediatric drugs · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- State of the science in pediatric ICU delirium: An integrative review.Research in nursing & health · 2020Pooled it
- Is There Any Dose of Benzodiazepines Safe for Delirium in the PICU? A Secondary Analysis of the PICU Up! Pilot Trial Dataset.Critical care explorations · 2026Trial
- Sedative and Analgesic Drug Rotation Protocol Versus Non-Rotation Protocol in Mechanically Ventilated Children: A Randomised Controlled Trial.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2025Trial
- Cardiac Vagal Efficiency Is Enhanced by Percutaneous Auricular Neurostimulation in Adolescents With Nausea: Moderation by Antidepressant Drug Exposure.Neurogastroenterology and motility · 2025Trial
- Combined Esketamine and Dexmedetomidine Decreases the Risk of Postoperative Delirium in Neurosurgical Pediatrics: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Trial
- Sedation Management for Critically Ill Children with Pre-Existing Cognitive Impairment.The Journal of pediatrics · 2019Trial
- Parental expectations for specific follow-up after pediatric intensive care stay: a prospective observational cohort study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Observational
- Delirium in Children Hospitalized with Acute COVID-19 or MIS-C: Secondary Analysis of the 2020-2021 Global Consortium Study of Neurologic Dysfunction in COVID-19.Neurocritical care · 2026Observational
- Exploring Nursing Team Perceptions of Sleep in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients: A Mixed-Methods Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Delirium Research in Paediatric Intensive Care Units: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Trends.Nursing in critical care · 2026Review
- Delirium in the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit and Use of a Language Other than English.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- The Lived Experience of Delirium in a Critically Ill Child: A Narrative Study.Scandinavian journal of caring sciences · 2026Article
- Impact of Prior Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Use on Delirium Incidence in ICU Patients: A Retrospective Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Feature Analysis for Evaluating the Risk of Postoperative Delirium in Pediatric Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Clinician knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of delirium in patients with grade 3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A national survey.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesDelirium occurs frequently in adults and is an independent predictor of mortality. However, the epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric delirium are not well-characterized. The primary objectives of this study were to describe the frequency of delirium in critically ill children, its duration, associated risk factors, and effect on in-hospital outcomes, including mortality. Secondary objectives included determination of delirium subtype, and effect of delirium on duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of hospital stay.
designProspective, longitudinal cohort study.
settingUrban academic tertiary care PICU. PATIENTS: All consecutive admissions from September 2014 through August 2015.
interventionsChildren were screened for delirium twice daily throughout their ICU stay. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
resultsOf 1,547 consecutive patients, delirium was diagnosed in 267 (17%) and lasted a median of 2 days (interquartile range, 1-5). Seventy-eight percent of children with delirium developed it within the first 3 PICU days. Most cases of delirium were of the hypoactive (46%) and mixed (45%) subtypes; only 8% of delirium episodes were characterized as hyperactive delirium. In multivariable analysis, independent predictors of delirium included age less than or equal to 2 years old, developmental delay, severity of illness, prior coma, mechanical ventilation, and receipt of benzodiazepines and anticholinergics. PICU length of stay was increased in children with delirium (adjusted relative length of stay, 2.3; CI = 2.1-2.5; p < 0.001), as was duration of mechanical ventilation (median, 4 vs 1 d; p < 0.001). Delirium was a strong and independent predictor of mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 4.39; CI = 1.96-9.99; p < 0.001).
conclusionsDelirium occurs frequently in critically ill children and is independently associated with mortality. Some in-hospital risk factors for delirium development are modifiable. Interventional studies are needed to determine best practices to limit delirium exposure in at-risk children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.