ReviewEye (London, England)2017
Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.
Review in Eye (London, England), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 138 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 265 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural and iatrogenic ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.International ophthalmology · 2022Pooled it
- The toxic effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on skeletal muscle: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Revisiting hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for patients with chronic immunity-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2020Pooled it
- The Royal College of Ophthalmologists recommendations on screening for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine users in the United Kingdom: executive summary.Eye (London, England) · 2018Guideline
- Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in a cohort with rheumatic diseases in Mexico: prevalence, risk factors, and retinopathy patterns.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Article
- Autophagy Modulation in Cancer Therapy: Navigating the Dual Roles to Overcome Chemoresistance.Health science reports · 2026Article
- IgA nephropathy new therapies: from data in adults to application in children.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Agreements between 24-2 and 24-2 C test grids for chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine retinopathy patients and high-risk patients.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Quadrant-Specific Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity: A Controlled OCT-Based Structural and Exposure Analysis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a novel and graded colour saturation threshold test, the LSS-8.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of sarcoidosis-associated uveitis and idiopathic uveitis.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2026Article
- Retinal microvasculature changes in long-term consumption of hydroxychloroquine.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A hypothesis for the characteristic parafoveal toxicity observed in hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Outer retinal tubulation associated with photoreceptor degeneration.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2026Review
- Contrast Sensitivity and Colour Vision Tests for Early Detection and Monitoring of Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity: A Preliminary Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Short-term variability of the multifocal ERG in clinical settings.Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Progressive Retinal Toxicity Nine Years After Hydroxychloroquine Discontinuation: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy in a UK Single-Centre Cohort: A Retrospective Study of Risk Factors and Dosing Trends.Cureus · 2025Article
- Decoding the Prescriber: Dermatology Versus Rheumatology Approaches.The Australasian journal of dermatology · 2025Article
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ; Plaquenil) is used increasingly in the management of a variety of autoimmune disorders, with well established roles in dermatology and rheumatology and emerging roles in oncology. Hydroxychloroquine has demonstrated a survival benefit in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus; some clinicians advocate its use in all such patients. However, Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine (CQ) have been associated with irreversible visual loss due to retinal toxicity. Hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity is far more common than previously considered; an overall prevalence of 7.5% was identified in patients taking HCQ for greater than 5 years, rising to almost 20% after 20 years of treatment. This review aims to provide an update on HCQ/CQ retinopathy. We summarise emerging treatment indications and evidence of efficacy in systemic disease, risk factors for retinopathy, prevalence among HCQ users, diagnostic tests, and management of HCQ retinopathy. We highlight emerging risk factors such as tamoxifen use, and new guidance on safe dosing, reversing the previous recommendation to use ideal body weight, rather than actual body weight. We summarise uncertainties and the recommendations made by existing HCQ screening programmes. Asian patients with HCQ retinopathy may demonstrate an extramacular or pericentral pattern of disease; visual field testing and retinal imaging should include a wider field for screening in this group. HCQ is generally safe and effective for the treatment of systemic disease but because of the risk of HCQ retinal toxicity, modern screening methods and ideal dosing should be implemented. Guidelines regarding optimal dosing and screening regarding HCQ need to be more widely disseminated.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.