ArticleRoyal Society open science2017
The confusion effect when attacking simulated three-dimensional starling flocks.
Article in Royal Society open science, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coevolutionary attack and avoidance strategies in predators and grouping prey.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2026Review
- Modeling the Evolution of Collective Synchrony.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Article
- Mixing of a binary passive particle system using smart active particles.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Changing Flight and Flocking Dynamics of Homing Pigeons (Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- A robotic falcon induces similar collective escape responses in different bird species.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2024Article
- Starling-Behavior-Inspired Flocking Control of Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarm in Complex Environments with Dynamic Obstacles.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Emergence of splits and collective turns in pigeon flocks under predation.Royal Society open science · 2022Article
- Motion: enhancing signals and concealing cues.Biology open · 2021Article
- Local interactions and their group-level consequences in flocking jackdaws.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Collective Motion as an Ultimate Effect in Crowded Selfish Herds.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Dynamic colour change and the confusion effect against predation.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Complex patterns of collective escape in starling flocks under predation.Behavioral ecology and sociobiology · 2019Article
- Anthropogenic noise pollution from pile-driving disrupts the structure and dynamics of fish shoals.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2017Article
- High-predation habitats affect the social dynamics of collective exploration in a shoaling fish.Science advances · 2017Article
- Birds of a feather flock together: Insights into starling murmuration behaviour revealed using citizen science.PloS one · 2017Article
- Prey movement, size, and glossiness interact to impact praying mantid attack behaviors.Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral EcologyArticle
- Camouflaging moving objects: crypsis and masquerade.Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral EcologyArticle
- Marginal predation: do encounter or confusion effects explain the targeting of prey group edges?Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral EcologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The confusion effect describes the phenomenon of decreasing predator attack success with increasing prey group size. However, there is a paucity of research into the influence of this effect in coherent groups, such as flocks of European starlings (
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.