ReviewArteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology2017
Sex Hormones and Sex Chromosomes Cause Sex Differences in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases.
Review in Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 200 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
200 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Endogenous sex steroid hormones, sex hormone binding globulin and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with established cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Aromatase enzyme: Paving the way for exploring aromatization for cardio-renal protection.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2023Pooled it
- Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy in women: frequency, characteristics, and diagnostic challenges.Heart failure reviews · 2021Pooled it
- A randomized vagus nerve stimulation study demonstrates that serum aldosterone levels decrease with age in women, but not in men.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Sex differences in the gut microbiome and related metabolites: role in cardiometabolic disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Chronic exposure to artificial light at night dampens rhythms in locomotor activity, metabolism, and sleep in female mice.Physiology & behavior · 2026Article
- Effect of imaging parameters and clinical characteristics on pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation in patients without coronary plaque.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2026Article
- Breaking barriers: navigating cardiovascular health in the transgender community.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Review
- Trajectories of blood pressure and influencing factors across menopause: A longitudinal cohort study.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Large cohort studies assessing sex-specific associations between anthropometric indices and liver cancer death.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2026Article
- Corticosteroid-associated osteonecrosis in paediatric compared with adult patients: are they the same disease?Bone & joint open · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Streptozotocin, Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide and Alloxan-Based Diabetes Models in Female Wistar Rats.Methods and protocols · 2026Article
- Prospective links between childhood family income and subclinical atherosclerosis in a sample of young men.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2026Article
- Sex-Dependent Effects of Angiotensin II and Calcineurin in the Vasculature of Mice.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Gender- and sex-dependent variations in heart failure and cardiomyopathies: a review of the literature.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Exploring sex bias in cardiometabolic diseases.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Review
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A novel risk factor for cardiovascular disease.Ecotoxicology and environmental safety · 2026Review
- Sry-modified laboratory rat lines to study sex-chromosome effects underlying sex differences in physiology and disease: Four Core Genotypes and more.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Associations of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages with long-term mortality among US cancer survivors: a prospective cohort study.Cardio-oncology (London, England) · 2026Article
140 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This review summarizes recent evidence concerning hormonal and sex chromosome effects in obesity, atherosclerosis, aneurysms, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and hypertension. Cardiovascular diseases occur and progress differently in the 2 sexes, because biological factors differing between the sexes have sex-specific protective and harmful effects. By comparing the 2 sexes directly, and breaking down sex into its component parts, one can discover sex-biasing protective mechanisms that might be targeted in the clinic. Gonadal hormones, especially estrogens and androgens, have long been found to account for some sex differences in cardiovascular diseases, and molecular mechanisms mediating these effects have recently been elucidated. More recently, the inherent sexual inequalities in effects of sex chromosome genes have also been implicated as contributors in animal models of cardiovascular diseases, especially a deleterious effect of the second X chromosome found in females but not in males. Hormonal and sex chromosome mechanisms interact in the sex-specific control of certain diseases, sometimes by opposing the action of the other.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.