ArticleAnaerobe2017
Inhibition of spore germination, growth, and toxin activity of clinically relevant C. difficile strains by gut microbiota derived secondary bile acids.
Article in Anaerobe, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 169 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
169 citing papers in PubMed, 240 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbiome and Metabolome Restoration After Administration of Fecal Microbiota, Live-jslm (REBYOTA) for Preventing Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii as adjunct therapy with Vancomycin in treating Clostridioides difficile infection: A randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Multi-omic profiling a defined bacterial consortium for treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Study of Ridinilazole Versus Vancomycin for Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection: Clinical Outcomes With Microbiome and Metabolome Correlates of Response.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- The OMMGut microbes · 2026Review
- The gut microbiota and host immunity synergistically orchestrate colonization resistance.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Article
- The emergence and biological characteristics of linezolid-resistantEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Pleiotropic roles of microbial bile acid metabolism in intestinal health and diseases.Cell host & microbe · 2026Review
- From colonization to infection: Genomic evolution of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis.Cell reports · 2026Review
- The Nexus of Gut Microbiome, Microbial Metabolites, and Colonization Resistance Against Enteric Pathogens.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- The Bile Acid-Diet-Microbiome Axis inNutrients · 2026Review
- A programmed reset mechanism primesScience advances · 2026Article
- How Complex Dietary Fibers Can Be Used to Shape the Human Gut Microbiome Toward Reduced Inflammatory Potential: A Pilot Study.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Ecological and dietary strategies to constrain Clostridioides difficile.Cell host & microbe · 2026Review
- High-resolution metabolomic analysis of stool reveals expanded biomarkers ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Article
- Bile acid dependent attenuation of toxin mediated disease is independent of colonization resistance againstbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Characterization of the Gut Microbiome of Patients withPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Integrating bile acid metabolism into precision nutrition strategies for improved swine performance.Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2026Review
109 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection over the past decades presents a significant challenge in the management of C. difficile associated diseases. The gastrointestinal tract microbiota provides colonization resistance against C. difficile, and growing evidence suggests that gut microbial derived secondary bile acids (SBAs) play a role. We hypothesized that the C. difficile life cycle; spore germination and outgrowth, growth, and toxin production, of strains that vary by age and ribotype will differ in their sensitivity to SBAs. C. difficile strains R20291 and CD196 (ribotype 027), M68 and CF5 (017), 630 (012), BI9 (001) and M120 (078) were used to define taurocholate (TCA) mediated spore germination and outgrowth, growth, and toxin activity in the absence and presence of gut microbial derived SBAs (deoxycholate, isodeoxycholate, lithocholate, isolithocholate, ursodeoxycholate, ω-muricholate, and hyodeoxycholate) found in the human and mouse large intestine. C. difficile strains varied in their rates of germination, growth kinetics, and toxin activity without the addition of SBAs. C. difficile M120, a highly divergent strain, had robust germination, growth, but significantly lower toxin activity compared to other strains. Many SBAs were able to inhibit TCA mediated spore germination and outgrowth, growth, and toxin activity in a dose dependent manner, but the level of inhibition and resistance varied across all strains and ribotypes. This study illustrates how clinically relevant C. difficile strains can have different responses when exposed to SBAs present in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.