ReviewProtein & cell2018
In vitro-engineered non-antibody protein therapeutics.
Review in Protein & cell, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Ligand-based CAR-T cell: Different strategies to drive T cells in future new treatments.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Progress in Designing Cytokine Antagonist Antibodies for Cancer Therapy.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Monoclonal Antibodies and Derivatives: Therapeutic Tools for Cancer.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Development of potent Affitin-based bispecific NK cell engagers for the therapy of MSLN-expressing cancers.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Article
- Engineering Bispecific Peptides for Precision Immunotherapy and Beyond.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Mesothelin-directed protein-drug conjugates for mesothelin-low solid tumor therapy.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Functional characterization of a common XIa inhibitory Kunitz-domain Shp4 from nine schistosoma secreted proteins with diverse C-terminal fragments.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Engineered Proteins and Chemical Tools to Probe the Cell Surface Proteome.Chemical reviews · 2025Review
- Versatile Features of an Antibody Mimetic Peptide and Its Variants.Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society · 2025Article
- Improvement in XIa Selectivity of Snake Venom Peptide Analogue BF9-N17K Using P2' Amino Acid Replacements.Toxins · 2025Article
- Selection of Nucleotide-Encoded Mass Libraries of Macrocyclic Peptides for Inaccessible Drug Targets.Chemical reviews · 2024Review
- A strategy to design protein-based antagonists against type I cytokine receptors.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a novelEuropean journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2024Article
- Affibody-Drug Conjugates Targeting the Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-3 Demonstrate Therapeutic Efficacy in Mice Bearing Low Expressing Xenografts.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2024Article
- De novo design of buttressed loops for sculpting protein functions.Nature chemical biology · 2024Article
- Targeted Drug Delivery by MMAE Farnesyl-Bioconjugated Multivalent Chemically Self-Assembled Nanorings Induces Potent Receptor-Dependent Immunogenic Cell Death.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2024Article
- Identification of Inhibitors of the Disease-Associated Protein Phosphatase Scp1 Using Antibody Mimetic Molecules.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Approaches for the Assessment of HER2 Expression in Breast Cancer by Radionuclide Imaging Using the Scaffold Protein [Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Engineering the ADDobody protein scaffold for generation of high-avidity ADDomer super-binders.Structure (London, England : 1993) · 2024Article
- An anti-sortilin affibody-peptide fusion inhibits sortilin-mediated progranulin degradation.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibodies have proved to be a valuable mode of therapy for numerous diseases, mainly owing to their high target binding affinity and specificity. Unfortunately, antibodies are also limited in several respects, chief amongst those being the extremely high cost of manufacture. Therefore, non-antibody binding proteins have long been sought after as alternative therapies. New binding protein scaffolds are constantly being designed or discovered with some already approved for human use by the FDA. This review focuses on protein scaffolds that are either already being used in humans or are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Although not all are expected to be approved, the significant benefits ensure that these molecules will continue to be investigated and developed as therapeutic alternatives to antibodies. Based on the location of the amino acids that mediate ligand binding, we place all the protein scaffolds under clinical development into two general categories: scaffolds with ligand-binding residues located in exposed flexible loops, and those with the binding residues located in protein secondary structures, such as α-helices. Scaffolds that fall under the first category include adnectins, anticalins, avimers, Fynomers, Kunitz domains, and knottins, while those belonging to the second category include affibodies, β-hairpin mimetics, and designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins). Most of these scaffolds are thermostable and can be easily produced in microorganisms or completely synthesized chemically. In addition, many of these scaffolds derive from human proteins and thus possess very low immunogenic potential. Additional advantages and limitations of these protein scaffolds as therapeutics compared to antibodies will be discussed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.