ArticleInternational journal of legal medicine2017
Does preliminary optimisation of an anatomically correct skull-brain model using simple simulants produce clinically realistic ballistic injury fracture patterns?
Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantitative assessment of the repeatability of PermaGel as a ballistic tissue simulant.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Projectile deformation on human bone and on a polyurethane simulant.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Autopsy findings in victims of gunshot injuries: wound ballistic considerations based on test shots to simulants and composite models.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Review
- The use of human tissue surrogates in anatomical modeling for gunshot wounds simulations: an overview about "how to do" experimental terminal ballistics.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Practical application of synthetic head models in real ballistic cases.International journal of legal medicine · 2021Article
- Postmortem CT and autopsy findings in nine victims of terrorist attack.International journal of legal medicine · 2021Article
- Shooting through windscreens: ballistic injury assessment using a surrogate head model-two case reports.International journal of legal medicine · 2020Article
- The ballistic performance of bone when impacted by fragments.International journal of legal medicine · 2020Article
- Interpol review of forensic firearm examination 2016-2019.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2020Review
- Mechanical Properties of Human Dura Mater in Tension - An Analysis at an Age Range of 2 to 94 Years.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Evaluation of the backspatter generation and wound profiles of an anatomically correct skull model for molecular ballistics.International journal of legal medicine · 2019Article
- A biomechanical comparison between human calvarial bone and a skull simulant considering the role of attached periosteum and dura mater.International journal of legal medicine · 2019Article
- The effect of military clothing on gunshot wounding patterns in gelatine.International journal of legal medicine · 2019Article
- Assessment of polyurethane spheres as surrogates for military ballistic head injury.International journal of legal medicine · 2019Article
- Forensic reconstruction of two military combat related shooting incidents using an anatomically correct synthetic skull with a surrogate skin/soft tissue layer.International journal of legal medicine · 2019Article
- Ballistic impacts on an anatomically correct synthetic skull with a surrogate skin/soft tissue layer.International journal of legal medicine · 2018Article
- The effect of helmet materials and simulated bone and tissue layers on bullet behaviour in a gelatine model of overmatch penetrating head injury.International journal of legal medicine · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ballistic head injury remains a significant threat to military personnel. Studying such injuries requires a model that can be used with a military helmet. This paper describes further work on a skull-brain model using skulls made from three different polyurethane plastics and a series of skull 'fills' to simulate brain (3, 5, 7 and 10% gelatine by mass and PermaGel™). The models were subjected to ballistic impact from 7.62 × 39 mm mild steel core bullets. The first part of the work compares the different polyurethanes (mean bullet muzzle velocity of 708 m/s), and the second part compares the different fills (mean bullet muzzle velocity of 680 m/s). The impact events were filmed using high speed cameras. The resulting fracture patterns in the skulls were reviewed and scored by five clinicians experienced in assessing penetrating head injury. In over half of the models, one or more assessors felt aspects of the fracture pattern were close to real injury. Limitations of the model include the skull being manufactured in two parts and the lack of a realistic skin layer. Further work is ongoing to address these.
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