ReviewDisaster and military medicine2016
Toxins as biological weapons for terror-characteristics, challenges and medical countermeasures: a mini-review.
Review in Disaster and military medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rational development of an mRNA antibody cocktail with extended therapeutic window against ricin intoxication.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Development of Effective Medical Countermeasures Against the Main Biowarfare Agents: The Importance of Antibodies.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Neutralizing chimeric heavy-chain antibody targeting the L-HN domain of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type F.Archives of toxicology · 2024Article
- A human bispecific antibody neutralizes botulinum neurotoxin serotype A.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- First Report of Food Poisoning Due to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type B in Döner Kebab (Italy).Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Occurrence and Patterns of Enterotoxin Genes,Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Recent Trends in Protective Textiles against Biological Threats: A Focus on Biological Warfare Agents.Polymers · 2022Review
- Functional EL-HN Fragment as a Potent Candidate Vaccine for the Prevention of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype E.Toxins · 2022Article
- Recombinant L-HN Fusion Antigen Derived from the L and HN Domains of Botulinum Neurotoxin B Stimulates a Protective Antibody Response Against Active Neurotoxin.Neurotoxicity research · 2021Article
- Article
- Immunogenicity assessment of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin epitope-based chimeric construct in mice and rabbit.3 Biotech · 2020Article
- Intracellular Neutralization of Ricin Toxin by Single-domain Antibodies Targeting the Active Site.Journal of molecular biology · 2020Article
- NNTox: Gene Ontology-Based Protein Toxicity Prediction Using Neural Network.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Review
- Renal Failure Patients in Disasters.Disaster medicine and public health preparedness · 2019Article
- Review
- Biological Toxins as the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Development of a multiplex Endopep-MS assay for simultaneous detection of botulinum toxins A, B and E.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toxins are hazardous biochemical compounds derived from bacteria, fungi, or plants. Some have mechanisms of action and physical properties that make them amenable for use as potential warfare agents. Currently, some toxins are classified as potential biological weapons, although they have several differences from classic living bio-terror pathogens and some similarities to manmade chemical warfare agents. This review focuses on category A and B bio-terror toxins recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Botulinum neurotoxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, and ricin. Their derivation, pathogenesis, mechanism of action, associated clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed in detail. Given their expected covert use, the primary diagnostic challenge in toxin exposure is the early detection of morbidity clusters, apart from background morbidity, after a relatively short incubation period. For this reason, it is important that clinicians be familiar with the clinical manifestations of toxins and the appropriate methods of management and countermeasures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.