ArticleMedicine and science in sports and exercise2017
Running Technique is an Important Component of Running Economy and Performance.
Article in Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Relationship Between Running Biomechanics and Running Economy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Pooled it
- Heavy Resistance Training Versus Plyometric Training for Improving Running Economy and Running Time Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2022Pooled it
- Running economy and lower extremity stiffness in endurance runners: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Pooled it
- Sex-specific differences in biomechanics among runners: A systematic review with meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of Wearable Devices with Biofeedback on Biomechanical Performance of Running-A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Pooled it
- Is Motorized Treadmill Running Biomechanically Comparable to Overground Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Studies.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Classifying Endurance Runners by Kinematics Strengthens Relationships of Muscle-Tendon Unit Function with Running Economy and Performance.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2026Article
- Mind to Move: A Narrative Review of Individualized Running Biomechanics Beyond the Spring-Mass Model.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Morphological and functional characterization of respiratory muscles in male runners across different race distances: an ultrasound and physiological assessment.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Exploring the relationship between lower-limb strength and neuromuscular activation in running: Insights from integrated EMG.iScience · 2026Article
- Relationship between Lower Limb Muscle Activation Characteristics and Running Economy in Recreational Runners.Journal of human kinetics · 2026Article
- Does running at an angle affect running economy? Metabolic, kinematic, and EMG adaptations to running on a camber.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Running style and stability during uphill running are largely preserved with increasing shoe sole thickness.PloS one · 2026Article
- The Effects of Shoe Sole Thickness on Running Style and Stability During Downhill Running at Different Speeds.European journal of sport science · 2026Article
- Divergent Responses to Training Load in Professional Australian Football: Are Insights Obtained from Generic and Running-based Assessments Complementary or Redundant?Sports medicine - open · 2025Article
- Characteristics of Lower Limb Dominant and Nondominant Joint Load Changes After Long-Distance Running in Young Male Runners Under OpenSim Environment.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Is pelvic floor loading in female runners associated with post-run changes in pelvic floor morphometry or function?BJU international · 2025Article
- The Impact of an 8-Week Running Technique Program on Linear and Change-of-Direction Speed in Youth Football-A Pilot Study.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite an intuitive relationship between technique and both running economy (RE) and performance, and the diverse techniques used by runners to achieve forward locomotion, the objective importance of overall technique and the key components therein remain to be elucidated. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the relationship between individual and combined kinematic measures of technique with both RE and performance.
methodsNinety-seven endurance runners (47 females) of diverse competitive standards performed a discontinuous protocol of incremental treadmill running (4-min stages, 1-km·h increments). Measurements included three-dimensional full-body kinematics, respiratory gases to determine energy cost, and velocity of lactate turn point. Five categories of kinematic measures (vertical oscillation, braking, posture, stride parameters, and lower limb angles) and locomotory energy cost (LEc) were averaged across 10-12 km·h (the highest common velocity < velocity of lactate turn point). Performance was measured as season's best (SB) time converted to a sex-specific z-score.
resultsNumerous kinematic variables were correlated with RE and performance (LEc, 19 variables; SB time, 11 variables). Regression analysis found three variables (pelvis vertical oscillation during ground contact normalized to height, minimum knee joint angle during ground contact, and minimum horizontal pelvis velocity) explained 39% of LEc variability. In addition, four variables (minimum horizontal pelvis velocity, shank touchdown angle, duty factor, and trunk forward lean) combined to explain 31% of the variability in performance (SB time).
conclusionsThis study provides novel and robust evidence that technique explains a substantial proportion of the variance in RE and performance. We recommend that runners and coaches are attentive to specific aspects of stride parameters and lower limb angles in part to optimize pelvis movement, and ultimately enhance performance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.