ArticleSpine2017
Predictors of Long-term Opioid Use Following Lumbar Fusion Surgery.
Article in Spine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04964219 (Analgesic Effects of Low-dose S-ketamine in Patients Undergoing Major Spine Fusion Surgery), which is not on this map. Cited by 52 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Analgesic Effects of Low-dose S-ketamine in Patients Undergoing Major Spine Fusion Surgery: A Double-blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Posterior lumbar interbody fusion versus interspinous stabilization in lumbar spinal stenosis: a meta-analysis.European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie · 2026Pooled it
- Persistent Postoperative Opioid Use: A Systematic Literature Search of Definitions and Population-based Cohort Study.Anesthesiology · 2020Pooled it
- Rate and Risk Factors Associated With Prolonged Opioid Use After Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2020Pooled it
- Long-term opioid therapy definitions and predictors: A systematic review.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2020Pooled it
- Chronic Postoperative Opioid Use: A Systematic Review.World journal of surgery · 2019Pooled it
- American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative-4 Joint Consensus Statement on Persistent Postoperative Opioid Use: Definition, Incidence, Risk Factors, and Health Care System Initiatives.Anesthesia and analgesia · 2019Pooled it
- Effect of continuous intra-incisional bupivacaine on postoperative pain in non-traumatic spinal fixation surgeries: a randomized controlled trial.Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier)Trial
- A suzetrigine-based multimodal analgesic protocol in spine surgery: a single-center retrospective cohort study of opioid consumption, pain, and length of stay.North American Spine Society journal · 2026Article
- Integrating dorsal root ganglion stimulation with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: proof of concept study.North American Spine Society journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Purchases of analgesics before and after spine surgery - register based study of 152,829 Finnish patients with 15-year follow-up.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Preoperative malnutrition is associated with increased postoperative complications following lumbar fusion: a propensity-matched analysis.Journal of spine surgery (Hong Kong) · 2026Article
- Comparing the Effect of Spinal Versus General Anesthesia on Postoperative Opioid Use in Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Patient Matched Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Role of Pain in Adults Undergoing Soft Tissue and Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2025Article
- The association between postoperative physical therapy and opioid prescription after posterior lumbar interbody fusion: a retrospective cohort study of United States academic health centers.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2025Article
- Prolonged opioid use after single-level lumbar spinal fusion surgery in a Belgian population: a multicentric observational study.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2024Observational
- The Drivers of Persistent Opioid Use and Its Impact on Healthcare Utilization After Elective Spine Surgery.Global spine journal · 2024Article
- Postoperative Opioid Use and Prescribing Patterns among Patients Undergoing Cervical Laminectomy with Instrumented Fusion versus Cervical Laminoplasty with Reconstruction.Global spine journal · 2024Article
- Effect of surgery on the long-term use of opioids in patients with degenerative back disorders: a retrospective register-based study.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2023Article
- The Effects of Opioid Dependency Use on Postoperative Spinal Surgery Outcomes: A Review of the Available Literature.Anesthesiology and pain medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
designA population-based retrospective cohort study.
objectiveThe aim of this study was to examine risk factors for long-term opioid use following lumbar spinal fusion surgery in a nationally representative cohort of commercially insured adults. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Opioid prescription rates for the management of low back pain have more than doubled in the US over the past decade. Although opioids are commonly used for the management of pain following lumbar spinal fusion surgery, to date, no large-scale nationally representative studies have examined the risk factors for long-term opioid use following such surgical intervention.
methodsUsing one of the nation's largest commercial insurance databases, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 8377 adults, aged 21 to 63 years, who underwent lumbar spinal fusion surgery between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012. Long-term opioid use was defined as ≥365 days of filled opioid prescriptions in the 24 months following lumbar fusion. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for the risk of long-term opioid use following lumbar fusion.
resultsAfter adjusting for covariates, the following factors were associated with an increased risk of long-term opioid use following surgery: duration of opioid use in the year before lumbar surgery [Referent (0 days); Quartile 1 (1-22 days) OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.48-3.49; Quartile 2 (23-72 days): OR = 5.94, 95% CI = 4.00-8.83; Quartile 3: (73-250 days) OR = 25.31, 95% CI = 17.26-37.10; Quartile 4 (≥250 days) OR = 219.95, 95% CI = 148.53-325.71)], refusion surgery (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.02-1.72), and diagnosis of depression (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.18-1.74). Receipt of anterior fusion was associated with a modest decrease in the risk of long-term opioid use (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.63-0.99).
conclusionThese findings may provide clinically relevant information to physicians, patients, and their families regarding the risk factors for opioid dependence following lumbar fusion surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.