ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2017
Red Flags: Clinical Signs for Identifying Autoimmune Encephalitis in Psychiatric Patients.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 239 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating health related quality of life and clinical measures in autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Possible temporal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Screening for pathogenic neuronal autoantibodies in serum and CSF of patients with first-episode psychosis.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Cycloid psychosis as a psychiatric expression of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. A systematic review of case reports accomplished with the authors' cooperation.Brain and behavior · 2021Pooled it
- The psychopathology of NMDAR-antibody encephalitis in adults: a systematic review and phenotypic analysis of individual patient data.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatry: clinical recommendations and unresolved challenges from the GENERATE network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Burden of Encephalitis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: 1990-2023.Neuroepidemiology · 2026Article
- Anti-Ri and anti-mGluR5 antibodies: an unexpected Duo in ovarian teratoma.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Article
- Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis from ovarian teratoma and mimicking psychosis: a report of a patient from a tertiary center in Pakistan.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Linking peripheral low-grade inflammation and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier leakage in schizophrenia spectrum disorders - A retrospective analysis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Neuronal autoantibodies in neurodegenerative dementia: From evidence to clinical framework.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Review
- Functional Brain Activity Associated With Intermittent Rhythmic Delta/Theta Activity: A Transdiagnostic Electroencephalography-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Resting-State Study.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Case Report: Pediatric Hallucinations and Anti-Neuronal Intermediate Filament Autoimmune Encephalitis.Clinical practice and cases in emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Abnormal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Patterns in Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disorders Due to Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Comparative Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Case Report: Severe adolescent-onset schizophrenia with Capgras syndrome and remission during clozapine-centered treatment after earthquake-related displacement and peer victimization.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Report and Literature Review on Psychiatric Presentations.Case reports in psychiatry · 2026Article
- A Case of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Autoimmune Encephalitis in a 34-Year-Old Man Thought to Have Schizophrenia.Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives · 2026Article
- Clinical Criteria to Guide Antineuronal Antibody Testing for People With Early and Persistent Psychosis Attending Mental Health Services.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Markers of neuroinflammation in the CSF of patients with difficult to treat psychiatric disease.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with coexisting autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy presenting with psychiatric symptoms leading to a suicide attempt: a case report.International journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune mechanisms causing diverse psychiatric symptoms are increasingly recognized and brought about a paradigm shift in neuropsychiatry. Identification of underlying antibodies against neuronal ion channels or receptors led to the speculation that a number of patients go misdiagnosed with a primary psychiatric disease. However, there is no clear consensus which clinical signs in psychiatric patients should prompt further investigations including measurement of anti-neuronal autoantibodies. We therefore aimed to analyze the presenting symptoms in patients with autoimmune encephalitis and the time between symptom onset and initiation of antibody diagnostics. For this, we recruited 100 patients from the Charité Center for Autoimmune Encephalitis between May and October 2016, including all types of autoimmune encephalitides. Psychiatric abnormalities were the most common clinical symptoms and were the presenting sign in 60%. One-third of patients were initially hospitalized in a psychiatric ward. All patients positive for antibodies against the
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.