ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2017
Inequalities in tobacco outlet density by race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status, 2012, USA: results from the ASPiRE Study.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Neighbourhood inequities in the availability of retailers selling tobacco products: a systematic review.Tobacco control · 2025Pooled it
- The Relationship between Combined State and Local Tobacco Retail Licensing Laws and Retailer Density: The Case in California (2012-2021).Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Unequal Impact of Flavored Tobacco Across Populations: From Neuroscience to Policy.Basic and clinical neuroscience · 2025Review
- Health-Related Social Needs and Their Impact on Smoking and Cessation Motivation: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- Is Seeing Cigarettes in the Retail Environment Associated With Impulse Purchases? Findings From Surveys in Disadvantaged and Non-disadvantaged Neighborhoods in the Netherlands.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Tobacco retailer density and rurality across four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina, and Ohio.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
- Age Restricted Location Policies: A Potential Strategy for Advancing the Tobacco Endgame.American journal of public health · 2025Article
- Perceived Tobacco Accessibility and Cigar Initiation: Exploring Racial and Ethnic Differences.Tobacco use insights · 2025Article
- Trends in Smoking and Flavored Tobacco Use in California: Black-White Disparities, 2003-2023.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Impact and Equity of New York City's Tobacco Retail Reduction Initiative.American journal of preventive medicine · 2024Article
- The Association Between the License Fee Increase and the Density of Tobacco Retailers in California-A Segmented Interrupted Time-Series Analysis by Income and Race/Ethnicity.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Place-based estimates of cigarette butt litter raise environmental justice concerns in the United States.PloS one · 2024Article
- Adversities Mediate Social Determinants of Youth Tobacco Use Initiation.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2024Article
- Sociodemographic inequalities in cigarette, smokeless tobacco, waterpipe tobacco, and electronic cigarette use among adolescents aged 12-16 years in 114 countries: A cross-sectional analysis.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Race, Healthcare, and Health Disparities: A Critical Review and Recommendations for Advancing Health Equity.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2023Review
- The availability and distribution of vaping retailers across Ontario neighbourhoods, 2016-2019.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2023Article
- Using systems science to advance health equity in tobacco control: a causal loop diagram of smoking.Tobacco control · 2023Review
- Urban-rural differences in tobacco product availability in food retailers, United States, 2017.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2023Article
- Parental Education and Adolescents' Asthma: The Role of Ethnicity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Tobacco retail availability and cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth and adults: a scoping review.Tobacco control · 2022Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEvidence of racial/ethnic inequalities in tobacco outlet density is limited by: (1) reliance on studies from single counties or states, (2) limited attention to spatial dependence, and (3) an unclear theory-based relationship between neighbourhood composition and tobacco outlet density.
methodsIn 97 counties from the contiguous USA, we calculated the 2012 density of likely tobacco outlets (N=90 407), defined as tobacco outlets per 1000 population in census tracts (n=17 667). We used 2 spatial regression techniques, (1) a spatial errors approach in GeoDa software and (2) fitting a covariance function to the errors using a distance matrix of all tract centroids. We examined density as a function of race, ethnicity, income and 2 indicators identified from city planning literature to indicate neighbourhood stability (vacant housing, renter-occupied housing).
resultsThe average density was 1.3 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons. Both spatial regression approaches yielded similar results. In unadjusted models, tobacco outlet density was positively associated with the proportion of black residents and negatively associated with the proportion of Asian residents, white residents and median household income. There was no association with the proportion of Hispanic residents. Indicators of neighbourhood stability explained the disproportionate density associated with black residential composition, but inequalities by income persisted in multivariable models.
conclusionsData from a large sample of US counties and results from 2 techniques to address spatial dependence strengthen evidence of inequalities in tobacco outlet density by race and income. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms in order to strengthen interventions.
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