ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2017
The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-regression approach.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05475379 (A Randomized Control, Double Blinded, Non-inferiority Trial to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of Typhoid Vi Conjugate Vaccine 'Typhocon' in Bangladeshi Healthy Population), which is not on this map. Cited by 189 papers, 13 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized Control, Double Blinded, Non-inferiority Trial to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of Typhoid Vi Conjugate Vaccine 'Typhocon' in Bangladeshi Healthy Population
Who cites it
189 citing papers in PubMed, 13 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Typhoid Fever in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Systematic Review, 1990-2021.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Pooled it
- Treatment of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) with cephalosporins.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Colorimetric Approach for Nucleic AcidInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Associations among Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, and Food Exposures and Typhoid Fever in Case-Control Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Pooled it
- Using hospital-based studies of community-onset bloodstream infections to make inferences about typhoid fever incidence.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2019Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Typhoid Fever Occurrence in Africa.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Pooled it
- Comparative accuracy of typhoid diagnostic tools: A Bayesian latent-class network analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Pooled it
- The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2019Pooled it
- Global Typhoid Fever Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Pooled it
- The Relationship Between Blood Sample Volume and Diagnostic Sensitivity of Blood Culture for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Pooled it
- Case Fatality Rate of Enteric Fever in Endemic Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Pooled it
- Seasonal dynamics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever.Scientific reports · 2018Pooled it
- Comparative immune response of Typbar TCV® (typhoid conjugate vaccine) in extremes of age: An Indian experience.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Trial
- The validity of test-negative design for assessment of typhoid conjugate vaccine protection: comparison of estimates by different study designs using data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2025Trial
- Prevention of Typhoid Fever by Existing Improvements in Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, and the Use of the Vi Polysaccharide Typhoid Vaccine in Poor Urban Slums: Results from a Cluster-Randomized Trial.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2022Trial
- Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Nepal: final results of a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2021Trial
- Safety and Efficacy of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Malawian Children.The New England journal of medicine · 2021Trial
- Phase 3 Efficacy Analysis of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Trial in Nepal.The New England journal of medicine · 2019Trial
- Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium Malawi: A Phase III, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial of the Clinical Efficacy of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Among Children in Blantyre, Malawi.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Trial
129 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUpcoming vaccination efforts against typhoid fever require an assessment of the baseline burden of disease in countries at risk. There are no typhoid incidence data from most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), so model-based estimates offer insights for decision-makers in the absence of readily available data.
methodsWe developed a mixed-effects model fit to data from 32 population-based studies of typhoid incidence in 22 locations in 14 countries. We tested the contribution of economic and environmental indices for predicting typhoid incidence using a stochastic search variable selection algorithm. We performed out-of-sample validation to assess the predictive performance of the model.
resultsWe estimated that 17.8 million cases of typhoid fever occur each year in LMICs (95% credible interval: 6.9-48.4 million). Central Africa was predicted to experience the highest incidence of typhoid, followed by select countries in Central, South, and Southeast Asia. Incidence typically peaked in the 2-4 year old age group. Models incorporating widely available economic and environmental indicators were found to describe incidence better than null models.
conclusionsRecent estimates of typhoid burden may under-estimate the number of cases and magnitude of uncertainty in typhoid incidence. Our analysis permits prediction of overall as well as age-specific incidence of typhoid fever in LMICs, and incorporates uncertainty around the model structure and estimates of the predictors. Future studies are needed to further validate and refine model predictions and better understand year-to-year variation in cases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.