SynthesisBMJ open2017
Electronic nicotine delivery systems and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems for tobacco smoking cessation or reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 86 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between e-cigarette use and cigarette abstinence or changes in continued cigarette smoking among individuals who smoke cigarettes.Harm reduction journal · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Reporting and methodological quality of systematic literature reviews evaluating the associations between e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking behaviors: a systematic quality review.Harm reduction journal · 2021Pooled it
- Global burden of active smoking among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2021Pooled it
- Potential for non-combustible nicotine products to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in smoking: a systematic review and synthesis of best available evidence.BMC public health · 2019Pooled it
- A randomised controlled single-centre open-label pharmacokinetic study to examine various approaches of nicotine delivery using electronic cigarettes.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Vaping characteristics and expectancies are associated with smoking cessation propensity among dual users of combustible and electronic cigarettes.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2019Trial
- Effects of E-cigarette Advertising Message Form and Cues on Cessation Intention: An Exploratory Study.Journal of health communication · 2019Trial
- Association of E-Cigarette Use With Smoking Cessation Among Smokers Who Plan to Quit After a Hospitalization: A Prospective Study.Annals of internal medicine · 2018Trial
- Parental Dual Use of e-Cigarettes and Traditional Cigarettes.Academic pediatricsTrial
- Evaluation of vaping cessation infographics among e-cigarette users: A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2026Article
- Impact of E-Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke on Brain Expression of ABCB1 and ABCG2 Efflux Transporters.Neurochemical research · 2025Article
- Cigarettes and e-cigarettes use among US adults with multimorbidity.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Changes in e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking cessation in the USA: evidence from a prospective PATH study, 2013-2018.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Motives for using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) as a cessation tool are associated with tobacco abstinence at 1-year follow-up: A prospective investigation among young adults in the United States Air Force.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Ethics and ENDS.Tobacco control · 2023Article
- Comprehensive review of the national surveys that assess E-cigarette use domains among youth and adults in the United States.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2023Review
- An Analysis of Arguments Advanced via Twitter in an Advocacy Campaign to Promote Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Review of Use Prevalence, Susceptibility, Advertisement Exposure, and Access to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems among Minorities and Low-Income Populations in the United States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Changing Behaviour: Blindness to Risk and a Critique of Tobacco Control Policy in China-A Qualitative Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedCorrection:2020
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveA systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS) versus no smoking cessation aid, or alternative smoking cessation aids, in cigarette smokers on long-term tobacco use. DATA SOURCES: Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Web of Science up to December 2015. STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies. DATA EXTRACTION: Three pairs of reviewers independently screened potentially eligible articles, extracted data from included studies on populations, interventions and outcomes and assessed their risk of bias. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to rate overall certainty of the evidence by outcome. DATA SYNTHESIS: Three randomised trials including 1007 participants and nine cohorts including 13 115 participants proved eligible. Results provided by only two RCTs suggest a possible increase in tobacco smoking cessation with ENDS in comparison with ENNDS (RR 2.03, 95% CI 0.94 to 4.38; p=0.07; I
conclusionsThere is very limited evidence regarding the impact of ENDS or ENNDS on tobacco smoking cessation, reduction or adverse effects: data from RCTs are of low certainty and observational studies of very low certainty. The limitations of the cohort studies led us to a rating of very low-certainty evidence from which no credible inferences can be drawn. Lack of usefulness with regard to address the question of e-cigarettes' efficacy on smoking reduction and cessation was largely due to poor reporting. This review underlines the need to conduct well-designed trials measuring biochemically validated outcomes and adverse effects.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.