ArticleDisaster health
Long-term mental health outcomes following the 2004 Asian tsunami disaster: A comparative study on direct and indirect exposure.
Article in Disaster health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of mental disorders in adult populations from the Global South following exposure to natural hazards: a meta-analysis.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence and psychosocial factors of PTSD among disaster-affected populations in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of emergency medicine · 2026Review
- Spatiotemporal analysis of psychoactive drug consumption in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic.PloS one · 2026Article
- The epidemiology of suicidal behaviors among the countries of the South Asia: A systematic review and meta analysis.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Climate change and mental health in India: a narrative review of vulnerabilities, impacts, and resilience pathways.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Mental health burden following extreme weather events in South-east Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- Association of Optimism, Causal Thinking, and Karma Beliefs with PTSD and Depression 8 Years After the Tsunami in Sri Lanka.International journal of applied positive psychology · 2024Article
- The cumulative contribution of direct and indirect traumas to the production of PTSD.PloS one · 2024Article
- The Impact of the 2021 Cyclone Shaheen on the Mental Health of Affected Omanis.Oman medical journal · 2023Article
- Psychological responses to U.S. statewide restrictions and COVID-19 exposures: A longitudinal study.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2022Article
- Equity Analysis of Repeated Cross-Sectional Survey Data on Mental Health Outcomes in Saskatchewan, Canada during COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- A study of suicidal thoughts and behaviour in a sample of adults affected by the 9/11 attacks on New York City's World Trade Center.International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England) · 2022Article
- Psychotherapy and Follow-Up in Health Care Workers After the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Single Center's Experience.Psychology research and behavior management · 2022Article
- Psychosocial support for providers working high-risk exposure settings during a pandemic: A critical discussion.Nursing inquiry · 2021Article
- Depressed mood and frailty among older people in Tokyo during the COVID-19 pandemic.Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society · 2021Article
- Chronic Mental Health Sequelae of Climate Change Extremes: A Case Study of the Deadliest Californian Wildfire.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador.BMC psychiatry · 2020Article
- "If somebody could just understand what I am going through, it would make all the difference": Conceptualizations of trauma in homeless populations experiencing severe mental illness.Transcultural psychiatry · 2020Article
- We Are All in This Together: COVID-19 and a Call to Action for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- Exploring mental health needs and services among affected population in a cyclone affected area in costal Bangladesh: a qualitative case study.International journal of mental health systems · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is inadequate information on the long-term mental health outcomes among disaster victims in low and middle income countries. It is especially so for the vast majority of victims who are indirectly exposed to disasters. To address this gap in knowledge we examined the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity, particularly anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the 2004 Asian tsunami victims in India, 4.5 y after the disaster. It was also intended to compare the mental health outcomes of the victims with direct exposure to tsunami waters and those who were indirectly exposed to tsunami disaster (people living near the sea who escaped tsunami waters but witnessed the disaster and suffered various losses). In a cross-sectional epidemiological study, 666 randomly selected victims in South India were assessed for psychiatric morbidity through the Self-Reporting questionnaire (SRQ), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Self-Rating Scale for PTSD (SRS-PTSD) and suicidality screening. The disaster experience, quality of life and socio-demographic profile were also assessed. Psychiatric morbidity based on SRQ was 77.6% and estimated prevalence of anxiety symptoms (23.1%), depression (33.6%), PTSD (70.9%) and comorbidity (44.7%) suggested nature and extent of the psychiatric morbidity in the tsunami victims. The direct exposure group had a significantly greater proportion of psychiatric morbidity based on SRQ, anxiety symptoms and suicide attempts. Factors which predicted psychiatric morbidity were: lack of formal education, perception of disaster as highly stressful, damage to home and loss of livelihood and livestock. In conclusion, a large proportion of Asian tsunami victims were observed to have continuing mental health problems 4.5 y after the disaster, which highlighted the need for psychiatric services for the affected communities.
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