ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2017
Unusual pattern of chikungunya virus epidemic in the Americas, the Panamanian experience.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multisectoral Approach to Address Chikungunya Outbreaks Driven by Human Mobility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Pooled it
- Spotted Fever Rickettsioses in Panama: New Cases and the Gaps That Hinder Its Epidemiological Understanding.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Temperature Interference on ZIKV and CHIKV Cycles in Mosquitoes and Mammalian Cells.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Convergent trends and spatiotemporal patterns of Aedes-borne arboviruses in Mexico and Central America.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Using compartmental models and Particle Swarm Optimization to assess Dengue basic reproduction numberHeliyon · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Assessing the Effect of Climate Variables on the Incidence of Dengue Cases in the Metropolitan Region of Panama City.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Broad Antiviral Activity of Ginkgolic Acid against Chikungunya, Mayaro, Una, and Zika Viruses.Viruses · 2020Article
- Article
- Genomic epidemiology of Chikungunya virus in Colombia reveals genetic variability of strains and multiple geographic introductions in outbreak, 2014.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Presence of the point mutations Val1016Gly in the voltage-gated sodium channel detected in a single mosquito from Panama.Parasites & vectors · 2019Review
- Human and Equine Infection with Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses in Panamá during 2010: A Cross-Sectional Study of Household Contacts during an Encephalitis Outbreak.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2018Article
- Evolutionary analysis of the Chikungunya virus epidemic in Mexico reveals intra-host mutational hotspots in the E1 protein.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChikungunya virus (CHIKV) typically causes explosive epidemics of fever, rash and polyarthralgia after its introduction into naïve populations. Since its introduction in Panama in May of 2014, few autochthonous cases have been reported; most of them were found within limited outbreaks in Panama City in 2014 and Puerto Obaldia town, near the Caribbean border with Colombia in 2015. In order to confirm that Panama had few CHIKV cases compared with neighboring countries, we perform an epidemiological analysis of chikungunya cases reported from May 2014 to July 2015. Moreover, to understand this paucity of confirmed CHIKV cases, a vectorial analysis in the counties where these cases were reported was performed.
methodsChikungunya cases were identified at medical centers and notified to health authorities. Sera samples were analyzed at Gorgas Memorial Institute for viral RNA and CHIKV-specific antibody detection.
resultsA total of 413 suspected cases of CHIKV infections were reported, with incidence rates of 0.5 and 0.7 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014 and 2015, respectively. During this period, 38.6% of CHIKV cases were autochthonous with rash and polyarthralgia as predominant symptoms. CHIKV and DENV incidence ratios were 1:306 and 1:34, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis of E1/E2 genomic segment indicates that the outbreak strains belong to the Asian genotype and cluster together with CHIKV isolates from other American countries during the same period. Statistical analysis of the National Vector Control program at the district level shows low and medium vector infestation level for most of the counties with CHIKV cases. This index was lower than for neighboring countries.
conclusionsPrevious training of clinical, laboratory and vector workers allowed a good caption and detection of the chikungunya cases and fast intervention. It is possible that low/medium vector infestation level could explain in part the paucity of chikungunya infections in Panama.
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