ArticleJournal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR2016
2D:4D Ratio and its Implications in Medicine.
Article in Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of the 2D:4D Digit Ratio in Women With Fibromyalgia: Traces of Prenatal Hormonal Exposure.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2026Article
- Multivariable Associations of Anthropometric and Psychosocial Markers with an Elevated Abdominal Volume Index Among University Students: A Sex- and Academic Program-Stratified Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Assessing the Impact of 2D:4D Ratio on Oral Hygiene Performance and Gingival Health in Turkish Adults.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2026Article
- Article
- The 2D:4D Digit Ratio and Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Window Into Prenatal Hormonal Influences on Exocrine Autoimmunity.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2026Article
- Association between digit ratio (2D:4D) and right-left difference in 2D:4D ratio with breast cancer risk: multicentre case-control study from India.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluation of digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship with skin sebum level in patients with basal cell carcinoma.Archives of dermatological research · 2025Article
- Endocrine effect of phthalate metabolites and a butterfly effect of prenatal exposure to androgens on qualitative aspects of female sexual response- an initial survey.International journal of impotence research · 2025Article
- Prenatal androgen exposure predicts sexuality disorders: insights from anthropometric measurements and questionnaires.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Digit Ratio as Predictors of Dental Caries: A Study of the 2D:4D Relationship.Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2024Article
- Association of 2D:4D finger length ratio of People Working in different professions with personality traits.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Comparison of acne vulgaris patients and healthy controls in terms of autistic features and 2D:4D ratio.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2024Article
- Relationship Dysfunction in Couples When One Partner Is Diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder: Findings from a Pilot Study.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Anthropometric measures do not explain the 2D:4D ratio sexual dimorphism in 7-year-old children.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2022Article
- Sexual Dimorphism and Sex-2D : 4D Interactions on Fasting Lipid Variables in an Adult Ghanaian Population.Journal of lipids · 2022Article
- Exploring Finger Digit Ratios (2D:4D) in Surgeons, Professional Rugby Players, and Political Journalists to Form a Directional Hypothesis: Could Finger Length Predict Attention and Focus?Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Article
- Social Media, Thin-Ideal, Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Attitudes: An Exploratory Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Child sexual offenders show prenatal and epigenetic alterations of the androgen system.Translational psychiatry · 2019Article
- The 2D:4D ratio is associated with performance in the 'TEACCH program' of subjects with autism spectrum disorder.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2018Article
- Testosterone is not associated with traits of optimism or pessimism: Observational evidence from the prospective DETECT study.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Digit ratios, especially 2D:4D ratio, a potential proxy marker for prenatal androgen exposure shows sexual dimorphism. Existing literature and recent research show accumulating evidence on 2D:4D ratio showing correlations with various phenotypic traits in humans. Ratio of 2D:4D is found to correlate negatively to testosterone and positively to oestrogen in the foetus. Interestingly, it is constant since birth and not influenced by the adult hormone levels. Usually, males have lower ratios when compared to females. Prenatal androgen exposure and therefore, digit ratios have been reported to be associated with numerical competencies, spatial skills, handedness, cognitive abilities, academic performance, sperm counts, personalities and prevalence of obesity, migraine, eating disorders, depression, myopia, autism etc. The authors have attempted to write a brief account on the digit ratios and the dimorphism observed in various physiological, psychological and behavioural traits. Also, the authors have discussed the relevant molecular basics and the methods of measurement of digit ratios.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.