ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2017
The Role of Inhaled Loxapine in the Treatment of Acute Agitation in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders: A Clinical Review.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antipsychotics for Amphetamine Psychosis. A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Variables Associated With the Subjective Experience of Coercive Measures in Psychiatric Inpatients: A Systematic Review.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2018Pooled it
- Schizophrenia management: Systematic review of current medications and Phase-3 agents (2008-2024).Neuroscience applied · 2025Review
- Towards More Precise Targeting of Inhaled Aerosols to Different Areas of the Respiratory System.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Liquid antipsychotics in the management of psychomotor agitation: a focus on promazine.Drugs in context · 2024Review
- A Systematic Review on the Impact of Seasonality on Severe Mental Illness Admissions: Does Seasonal Variation Affect Coercion?Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Drug Development for New Psychiatric Drug Therapies.Advances in neurobiology · 2023Article
- The future of dry powder inhaled therapy: Promising or discouraging for systemic disorders?International journal of pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Risk factors for violent behaviors in patients with schizophrenia: 2-year follow-up study in primary mental health care in China.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- The Management of Psychomotor Agitation Associated with Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder: A Brief Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Overcoming the Use of Mechanical Restraints in Psychiatry: A New Challenge in the Everyday Clinical Practice at the Time of COVID-19.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
- Current Understanding of the Neurobiology of Agitation.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2020Review
- The Use of Rapid Tranquilization in Aggressive Behavior.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2019Review
- Examining the safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of inhaled loxapine for the acute treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder in adults.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2019Review
- Clinical Outcomes in Patients Taking Inhaled Loxapine, Haloperidol, or Ziprasidone in the Emergency Department.Clinical neuropharmacologyArticle
- Inhaled Loxapine for Agitation in Intoxicated Patients: A Case Series.Clinical neuropharmacologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Loxapine is a first generation antipsychotic, belonging to the dibenzoxazepine class. Recently, loxapine has been reformulated at a lower dose, producing an inhaled powder that can be directly administered to the lungs to treat the agitation associated with psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Thus, the aim of this narrative and clinical mini-review was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of inhaled loxapine in the treatment of acute agitation in patients with psychiatric disorders. The efficacy of inhaled loxapine has been evaluated in one Phase II trial on patients with schizophrenia, and in two Phase III trials in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Moreover, there are two published case series on patients with borderline personality disorder and dual diagnosis patients. Inhaled loxapine has proven to be effective and generally well tolerated when administered to agitated patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Two case series have suggested that inhaled loxapine may also be useful to treat agitation in patients with borderline personality disorder and with dual diagnosis, but further studies are needed to clarify this point. However, the administration of inhaled loxapine requires at least some kind of patient collaboration, and is not recommended in the treatment of severe agitation in totally uncooperative patients. Moreover, the drug-related risk of bronchospasm must always be kept in mind when planning to use inhaled loxapine, leading to a careful patient assessment prior to, and after, administration. Also, the higher costs of inhaled loxapine, when compared to oral and intramuscular medications, should be taken into account when selecting it for the treatment of agitation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.