ArticleHealth policy and planning2017
The patient costs of care for those with TB and HIV: a cross-sectional study from South Africa.
Article in Health policy and planning, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Costs of multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analyses.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the catastrophic costs incurred by tuberculosis patients.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Integrating HIV services and other health services: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2021Pooled it
- The economic cost of outpatient primary care of adults with multimorbidity (HIV, diabetes, and hypertension) in rural South Africa.Health policy and planning · 2026Article
- Projected population level impact and cost-effectiveness of clinic and community-based tuberculosis screening approaches.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Uncovering the hidden costs of free tuberculosis care: economic narratives of informal treatment supporters in rural Ghana.BMC public health · 2025Article
- One year on - the long-term impact of COVID-19 pandemic and government restrictions on the health-seeking behaviour, financial security and mental health of TB survivors.BMC public health · 2025Observational
- The catastrophic cost of TB care: Understanding costs incurred by individuals undergoing TB care in low-, middle-, and high-income settings - A systematic review.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Health and economic impacts of Vaccae vaccination incorporating active case finding in India and South Africa: a modelling study.BMJ public health · 2024Article
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- Psychosocial experiences of adolescents with tuberculosis in Cape Town.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Costs incurred by people with co-morbid tuberculosis and diabetes and their households in the Philippines.PloS one · 2024Article
- The Economic Burden of Chronic Diseases with Co-Occurring Depression and Alcohol Use Disorder for People in the Western Cape, South Africa.SSM. Mental health · 2023Article
- Estimating the Cost of Delivering Tobacco Cessation Intervention Package at Noncommunicable Disease Clinics in Two Districts of North India.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Scoring tools to identify TB patients facing catastrophic costs in the Philippines.Public health action · 2023Article
- The Impact of Drought on HIV Care in Rural South Africa: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis.EcoHealth · 2023Article
- The household economic burden of drug-susceptible TB diagnosis and treatment in The Gambia.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2022Observational
- Costs incurred by patients with tuberculosis co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Bhavnagar, western India: a sequential explanatory mixed-methods research.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Assessment of Household Catastrophic Total Cost of Tuberculosis and Its Determinants in Cairo: Prospective Cohort Study.Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThis study describes the post-diagnosis care-seeking costs incurred by people living with TB and/or HIV and their households, in order to identify the potential benefits of integrated care.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study with 454 participants with TB or HIV or both in public primary health care clinics in Ekurhuleni North Sub-District, South Africa. We collected information on visits to health facilities, direct and indirect costs for participants and for their guardians and caregivers. We define 'integration' as receipt of both TB and HIV services at the same facility, on the same day. Costs were presented and compared across participants with TB/HIV, TB-only and HIV-only. Costs exceeding 10% of participant income were considered catastrophic.
resultsParticipants with both TB and HIV faced a greater economic burden (US$74/month) than those with TB-only (US$68/month) or HIV-only (US$40/month). On average, people with TB/HIV made 18.4 visits to health facilities, more than TB-only participants or HIV-only participants who made 16 and 5.1 visits, respectively. However, people with TB/HIV had fewer standalone TB (10.9) and HIV (2.2) visits than those with TB-only (14.5) or HIV-only (4.4). Although people with TB/HIV had access to 'integrated' services, their time loss was substantially higher than for other participants. Overall, 55% of participants encountered catastrophic costs. Access to official social protection schemes was minimal.
conclusionsPeople with TB/HIV in South Africa are at high risk of catastrophic costs. To some extent, integration of services reduces the number of standalone TB and HIV of visits to the health facility. It is however unlikely that catastrophic costs can be averted by service integration alone. Our results point to the need for timely social protection, particularly for HIV-positive people starting TB treatment.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.