ArticleThe Journal of comparative neurology2017
Specialized photoreceptor composition in the raptor fovea.
Article in The Journal of comparative neurology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Eye Morphology, Foveal Structure and Photoreceptor Composition in Both Foveae of Common Kestrel (Biology · 2026Article
- Retinal Morphological Characterization of Collared Scops Owl (Otus lettia) Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Histological Techniques.Veterinary ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Rehabilitating wild birds of prey following ocular trauma - should foveal assessment include spectral-domain optical coherence tomography?BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Is central vision (and a fovea) needed for emmetropisation?Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Molecular insights into foveal hypoplasia: development, genetics, mechanisms, and models.Molecular vision · 2025Review
- From water to land: Evolution of photoreceptor circuits for vision in air.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Birds multiplex spectral and temporal visual information via retinal On- and Off-channels.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Influence of visual background on discrimination of signal-relevant colours in zebra finches (Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Enhanced short-wavelength sensitivity in the blue-tongued skink Tiliqua rugosa.The Journal of experimental biology · 2022Article
- The potential role of Arhgef33 RhoGEF in foveal development in the zebra finch retina.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Optimized Signal Flow through Photoreceptors Supports the High-Acuity Vision of Primates.Neuron · 2020Article
- Understanding the retinal basis of vision across species.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2020Review
- High resolution of colour vision, but low contrast sensitivity in a diurnal raptor.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2018Article
- Expression patterns of CYP26A1, FGF8, CDKN1A, and NPVF in the developing rhesus monkey retina.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The retinae of many bird species contain a depression with high photoreceptor density known as the fovea. Many species of raptors have two foveae, a deep central fovea and a shallower temporal fovea. Birds have six types of photoreceptors: rods, active in dim light, double cones that are thought to mediate achromatic discrimination, and four types of single cones mediating color vision. To maximize visual acuity, the fovea should only contain photoreceptors contributing to high-resolution vision. Interestingly, it has been suggested that raptors might lack double cones in the fovea. We used transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry to evaluate this claim in five raptor species: the common buzzard (Buteo buteo), the honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), the red kite (Milvus milvus), and the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). We found that all species, except the Eurasian sparrowhawk, lack double cones in the center of the central fovea. The size of the double cone-free zone differed between species. Only the common buzzard had a double cone-free zone in the temporal fovea. In three species, we examined opsin expression in the central fovea and found evidence that rod opsin positive cells were absent and violet-sensitive cone and green-sensitive cone opsin positive cells were present. We conclude that not only double cones, but also single cones may contribute to high-resolution vision in birds, and that raptors may in fact possess high-resolution tetrachromatic vision in the central fovea.
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