ArticleMaternal & child nutrition2017
Influence of maternal and socioeconomic factors on breast milk fatty acid composition in urban, low-income families.
Article in Maternal & child nutrition, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Century Wide Changes in Macronutrient Levels in Indian Mothers' Milk: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Breast milk cytokines and infant growth trajectories in a low-income community in Bangladesh.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Association Between Human Milk-Targeted Metabolites and Maternal Characteristics: Targeted Metabolomic Profiling of Human Milk in Low-Income Settings.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Impact of Neighborhood Disadvantage on Gastrointestinal Morbidity in Extremely Low Birthweight Infants.Cureus · 2025Article
- The Effect of Cannabis Consumption During Lactation on the Macronutrient Concentrations in Breast Milk.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2025Article
- Human Milk-The Biofluid That Nourishes Infants from the First Day of Life.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Predictors of Human Milk Fatty Acids and Associations with Infant Growth in a Norwegian Birth Cohort.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Profiles of total and sn-2 fatty acid of human mature milk and their correlated factors: A cross-sectional study in China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Review
- Sexually Dimorphic Associations between Maternal Factors and Human Milk Hormonal Concentrations.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Nutritional and Non-nutritional Composition of Human Milk Is Modulated by Maternal, Infant, and Methodological Factors.Frontiers in nutrition · 2020Review
- Are there paternal components in human milk?Sudanese journal of paediatrics · 2019Article
- Multiplex genomewide association analysis of breast milk fatty acid composition extends the phenotypic association and potential selection ofJournal of medical genetics · 2018Article
- Influence of maternal and socioeconomic factors on breast milk fatty acid composition in urban, low-income families.Maternal & child nutrition · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The lipid composition of breast milk may have a significant impact on early infant growth and cognitive development. Comprehensive breast milk data is lacking from low-income populations in the Indian subcontinent impeding assessment of deficiencies and limiting development of maternal nutritional interventions. A single breast milk specimen was collected within 6 weeks postpartum from two low-income maternal cohorts of exclusively breastfed infants, from Dhaka, Bangladesh (n = 683) and Kolkata, India (n = 372) and assayed for percentage composition of 26 fatty acids. Mature milk (>15 days) in Dhaka (n = 99) compared to Kolkata (n = 372) was higher in total saturated fatty acid (SFA; mean 48% vs. 44%) and disproportionately lower in ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), hence the ω6- and ω3-PUFA ratio in Dhaka were almost double the value in Kolkata. In both sites, after adjusting for days of lactation, increased maternal education was associated with decreased SFA and PUFA, and increasing birth order or total pregnancies was associated with decreasing ω6-PUFA or ω3-PUFA by a factor of 0.95 for each birth and pregnancy. In Dhaka, household prosperity was associated with decreased SFA and PUFA and increased ω6- and ω3-PUFA. Maternal height was associated with increased SFA and PUFA in Kolkata (1% increase per 1 cm), but body mass index showed no independent association with either ratio in either cohort. In summary, the socioeconomic factors of maternal education and household prosperity were associated with breast milk composition, although prosperity may only be important in higher cost of living communities. Associated maternal biological factors were height and infant birth order, but not adiposity. Further study is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these effects.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.