ArticleBehavior genetics2017
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Low Educational Achievement: Evidence Supporting A Causal Hypothesis.
Article in Behavior genetics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Boredom-ADHD Nexus: A Narrative and Meta-Analytic Review of the Evidence.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Selective enhancement of cost sensitivity by methylphenidate in adult ADHD: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.Psychological medicine · 2026Trial
- Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Inflammatory Biomarkers in School-Aged Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.International journal of clinical practice · 2022Trial
- ADHD and Student Grades in Children from the ABCD StudyBehavior genetics · 2026Article
- Self-Reported ADHD Symptoms and Cognitive Performance in a National Sample of US Older Adults.Journal of attention disorders · 2026Article
- *Co-Occurrence and Causality Among ADHD, Dyslexia, and Dyscalculia.Psychological science · 2025Article
- Long-term effect of pharmacological treatment on academic achievement of Norwegian children diagnosed with ADHD: a target trial emulation.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Observational
- Healthcare utilization and comorbidity shortly before suicide mortality in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nested case-control study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Article
- Mendelian randomization analysis for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: studying a broad range of exposures and outcomes.International journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Gestational organophosphate ester exposure and preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child cohort study.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2023Article
- Inattention, academic underachievement, and depressive symptoms: uncovering environmental and genetic pathways from middle to late childhood.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2023Article
- Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure at 17 Weeks' Gestation and Odds of Offspring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Potential Inflammatory Biomarker in Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Review
- Genetic correlates of socio-economic status influence the pattern of shared heritability across mental health traits.Nature human behaviour · 2021Article
- ADHD and offending.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2021Review
- Notes on Three Decades of Methodology Workshops.Behavior genetics · 2021Article
- Mechanisms linking parental educational attainment with child ADHD, depression, and academic problems: a study of extended families in The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and educational achievement are negatively associated in children. Here we test the hypothesis that there is a direct causal effect of ADHD on educational achievement. The causal effect is tested in a genetically sensitive design to exclude the possibility of confounding by a third factor (e.g. genetic pleiotropy) and by comparing educational achievement and secondary school career in children with ADHD who take or do not take methylphenidate. Data on ADHD symptoms, educational achievement and methylphenidate usage were available in a primary school sample of ~10,000 12-year-old twins from the Netherlands Twin Register. A substantial group also had longitudinal data at ages 7-12 years. ADHD symptoms were cross-sectionally and longitudinally, associated with lower educational achievement at age 12. More ADHD symptoms predicted a lower-level future secondary school career at age 14-16. In both the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, testing the direct causal effect of ADHD on educational achievement, while controlling for genetic and environmental factors, revealed an association between ADHD symptoms and educational achievement independent of genetic and environmental pleiotropy. These findings were confirmed in MZ twin intra-pair differences models, twins with more ADHD symptoms scored lower on educational achievement than their co-twins. Furthermore, children with ADHD medication, scored significantly higher on the educational achievement test than children with ADHD who did not use medication. Taken together, the results are consistent with a direct causal effect of ADHD on educational achievement.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.