ReviewMovement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society2017
Blepharospasm 40 years later.
Review in Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07489430 (BLEXI), which is not on this map. Cited by 81 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
BLEXI: A Study of BLEpharospasm Management With daXIbotulinumtoxinA
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gray Matter Structural and Functional Alterations in Idiopathic Blepharospasm: A Multimodal Meta-Analysis of VBM and Functional Neuroimaging Studies.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- BDNF rs6265 (Val66Met) Polymorphism as a Risk Factor for Blepharospasm.Neuromolecular medicine · 2019Pooled it
- An Exploratory, Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial of Dipraglurant for Blepharospasm.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2024Trial
- Neuropathic Corneal Pain and Blepharospasm: A Case Series.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Multicenter validation of the Italian Pain in Dystonia Scale in idiopathic adult-onset cervical dystonia.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Sustained anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of botulinum toxin A in blepharospasm patients beyond motor symptom control.World journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Haloperidol Induced Orofacial Dyskinesia: Clinical Insights Into Buccolingual Masticatory Syndrome.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Smartphone video-based early diagnosis of blepharospasm using dual cross-attention modeling enhanced by facial pose estimation.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Rhythmic Eyelid Closure Responsive to STN-DBS: Blepharoclonus, Blepharospasm, Eyelid Opening Apraxia, or Eyelid Tremor?Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Article
- Spontaneous neural activity alterations in medication-naïve primary blepharospasm: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2025Article
- Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings in Patients with Solar Retinopathy.Beyoglu eye journal · 2025Article
- Lesion-Induced Blepharospasm: Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics.Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Efficacy and safety of combination of frankincense and botulinum toxin in the treatment of blepharospasm: a protocol for a single-centre, open-label, randomized, controlled trial.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Abnormal inter-hemispheric functional cooperation in blepharospasm.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Brain functional network topology and connectivity in primary blepharospasm.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2025Article
- The Role of Serum Vitamin and Mineral Levels in Benign Essential Blepharospasm: A Comparative Study.Beyoglu eye journal · 2025Article
- Multidimensional structural analyses revealed a correlation between thalamic atrophy and white matter degeneration in idiopathic dystonia.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Clinical implications of genetic polymorphisms in blepharospasm.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Article
- Pallidal versus subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Meige syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Heliyon · 2024Article
- How to face the hemifacial spasm: challenges and misconceptions.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2024Review
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Forty years ago, C.D. Marsden proposed that blepharospasm should be considered a form of adult-onset focal dystonia. In the present paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the findings regarding blepharospasm reported in the past 40 years. Although prolonged spasms of the orbicularis oculi muscles remain the clinical hallmark of blepharospasm, patients with blepharospasm may be characterized by various types of involuntary activation of periocular muscles. In addition to motor features, blepharospasm patients may also have nonmotor manifestations, including psychiatric, mild cognitive, and sensory disturbances. The various motor and nonmotor symptoms are not present in all patients, suggesting that blepharospasm is phenomenologically a heterogeneous condition. This emphasizes the need for tools for severity assessment that take into account both motor and nonmotor manifestations. The cause of blepharospasm remains elusive, but several lines of evidence indicate that blepharospasm is a multifactorial condition in which one, or several, as yet unknown genes together with epigenetic and environmental factors combine to reach the threshold of the disease. Although blepharospasm was originally believed to be solely a basal ganglia disorder, neurophysiological and neuroimaging evidence point to anatomical and functional involvement of several brain regions. The contribution of multiple areas has led to the hypothesis that blepharospasm should be considered as a network disorder, and this might reflect the varying occurrence of motor and nonmotor manifestations in blepharospasm patients. Despite advances in the aetiology and pathophysiology, treatment remains symptomatic. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.