ArticleEye (London, England)2017
Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: an emerging problem.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Royal College of Ophthalmologists recommendations on screening for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine users in the United Kingdom: executive summary.Eye (London, England) · 2018Guideline
- A single-center, open label, randomized, controlled study of hydroxychloroquine sulfate in the treatment of low risk PLABMC nephrology · 2024Trial
- Progressive Retinal Toxicity Nine Years After Hydroxychloroquine Discontinuation: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- The incidence, monitoring coverage and clinical characteristics of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in the United Kingdom.Eye (London, England) · 2024Observational
- A nationwide survey of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy presenting to the hospital eye service in the United Kingdom.Eye (London, England) · 2023Article
- Quantitative autofluorescence findings in patients undergoing hydroxychloroquine treatment.Clinical & experimental ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Hydroxychloroquine Causes Early Inner Retinal Toxicity and Affects Autophagosome-Lysosomal Pathway and Sphingolipid Metabolism in the Retina.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Article
- Hydroxychloroquine in rheumatic autoimmune disorders and beyond.EMBO molecular medicine · 2020Review
- How to set up a Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Screening Service.Eye (London, England) · 2019Article
- Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of orally administered polymeric chloroquine as macromolecular drug in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.Acta biomaterialia · 2018Article
- An audit of the use of hydroxychloroquine in rheumatology clinics.Rheumatology advances in practice · 2018Article
- Hydroxychloroquine and the eye: an old unsolved problem.Eye (London, England) · 2017Article
- Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.Eye (London, England) · 2017Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
PurposeThe aim of this case series is to raise awareness of the emerging issue of serious retinal damage caused by the prolonged use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and the importance of adequate and appropriate monitoring of visual function during treatment.Patient and methodsThis is a small retrospective case series of 3 patients on long-term HCQ who developed serious symptomatic retinal toxicity confirmed on imaging and functional testing.ResultsAll 3 patients were treated with HCQ for over 15 years; two for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the third for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). All 3 patients had macular involvement varying in severity confirmed with characteristic features on imaging and functional testing (Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Autofluorescence (AF) and Humphrey 10-2 visual fields).ConclusionHCQ is widely used to treat autoimmune conditions with a proven survival benefit in patients with SLE. However, long-term use can be associated with irreversible retinal toxicity. These cases highlight that HCQ, like chloroquine, can also cause visual loss in susceptible individuals. Early detection of presymptomatic retinal changes by the introduction of appropriate screening and monitoring is mandatory to limit the extent of irreversible visual loss due to HCQ retinal toxicity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.