ReviewNature reviews. Neurology2017
The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury.
Review in Nature reviews. Neurology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 638 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
638 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cortical Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Exercise Training in Post-Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Investigating the Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps as a Therapeutic Target in Traumatic Brain Injury: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Pooled it
- The Role of Genetics in Stroke Risk and Outcome: A Review of Current Evidence.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- The Scale of Neurodegeneration in Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies.Annals of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Microglia in Post-Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Cognitive Impairment: From Pathological Changes to Therapeutic Approaches.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- The Role of Neuroinflammation in Shaping Neuroplasticity and Recovery Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Epigenetic histone deacetylase inhibition by sodium butyrate reduces neuroinflammation, improves neurological dysfunction and promotes disease modification of epileptogenesis following traumatic brain injury.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective activity of the α7-nAChR positive allosteric modulator PNU-120596 on short term outcomes after traumatic brain injury.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Chlorogenic acid attenuates TBI-induced neuroinflammation by suppressing cGAS-STING signaling.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- AI-Designed TREM1-Targeted LYTAC Nanoparticles Reprogram the Neuroimmune Microenvironment in Traumatic Brain Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Neuroplasticity after traumatic brain injury: mechanisms and clinical implications.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Review
- Tibial bone compression promotes recovery after brain injury through osteocyte PIEZO1.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion: Modern Pathophysiological Insights, Diagnostic Advances, and Active Management Protocols.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Improving the Outcome of Brain-Injured Patients by Non-Continuous Feeding to Prevent Dysbiosis.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Altered hippocampal lipid profile underlies anxiety-like behavior secondary to mild traumatic brain injury.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Utility of selected neuroinflammatory markers following lethal traumatic brain injury: a combined biofluid and tissue-based assessment of TNF-α, CX3CL1, TNFR1, TNFR2 and CX3CR1 expression.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Brain clearance physiology in traumatic brain injury: From disruption to therapeutic potential.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Intranasal CRISPR lipid nanoparticles targeting MAPK9 attenuate neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury.Biomedical microdevices · 2026Article
- Thermoregulatory and plasma neurobiomarker responses to heat tolerance assessment in exertional heat illness and matched controls.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Microglial TLR7 contributes to traumatic brain injury-induced neuroinflammation in mice.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
578 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The 'silent epidemic' of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been placed in the spotlight as a result of clinical investigations and popular press coverage of athletes and veterans with single or repetitive head injuries. Neuroinflammation can cause acute secondary injury after TBI, and has been linked to chronic neurodegenerative diseases; however, anti-inflammatory agents have failed to improve TBI outcomes in clinical trials. In this Review, we therefore propose a new framework of targeted immunomodulation after TBI for future exploration. Our framework incorporates factors such as the time from injury, mechanism of injury, and secondary insults in considering potential treatment options. Structuring our discussion around the dynamics of the immune response to TBI - from initial triggers to chronic neuroinflammation - we consider the ability of soluble and cellular inflammatory mediators to promote repair and regeneration versus secondary injury and neurodegeneration. We summarize both animal model and human studies, with clinical data explicitly defined throughout this Review. Recent advances in neuroimmunology and TBI-responsive neuroinflammation are incorporated, including concepts of inflammasomes, mechanisms of microglial polarization, and glymphatic clearance. Moreover, we highlight findings that could offer novel therapeutic targets for translational and clinical research, assimilate evidence from other brain injury models, and identify outstanding questions in the field.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.