ArticlePloS one2017
High rate of virological failure and low rate of switching to second-line treatment among adolescents and adults living with HIV on first-line ART in Myanmar, 2005-2015.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- First line antiretroviral treatment failure and its association with drug substitution and sex among children in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Viral load monitoring for people living with HIV in the era of test and treat: progress made and challenges ahead - a systematic review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Article
- Magnitude and factors associated with virological failure among adults on first-line antiretroviral therapy in Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia: a retrospective chart review.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Evaluating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on viral load and CD4 monitoring for people living with HIV on ART in rural Lesotho.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Viral failure and associated factors in adults on second line antiretroviral therapy in public hospitals of Harari Region and Dire Dawa administration, Eastern Ethiopia.Journal of public health research · 2025Article
- Observational
- Virological treatment failure and associated factors among adults on first-line antiretroviral therapy in West Hararghe, Ethiopia.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Virologic re-suppression and the associated factors among children aged 1-9 years on Antiretroviral Therapy in The Aids Support Organization Soroti Region, Uganda: a retrospective cohort analysis.African health sciences · 2024Article
- Time to viral load suppression and its predictors among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Gebi Resu zone, Afar Region, Ethiopia, 2023.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Characterization of HIV-Related Stigma in Myanmar.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- Long-term outcomes of rapid antiretroviral NNRTI-based initiation among Thai youth living with HIV: a national registry database study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- Antiretroviral therapy programme outcomes at Senkatana antiretroviral therapy clinic, Lesotho: a four-year retrospective cohort study.The Pan African medical journal · 2023Article
- Failure to Attain HIV Viral Suppression After Intensified Adherence Counselling-What Can We Learn About Its Factors?Infection and drug resistance · 2023Article
- Risk factors for sustained virological non-suppression among children and adolescents living with HIV in Zimbabwe and Malawi: a secondary data analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
- Evaluation of peer-to-peer HIV counseling in Myanmar: a measure of knowledge, adherence, and barriers.AIDS care · 2022Article
- Detection of HIV Virologic Failure and Switch to Second-Line Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Data From Sub-Saharan Africa.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- Time to Switch to Second-Line Anti-Retroviral Treatment and Its Predictors Among HIV Infected Adults with Virological Failure in Northwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Follow-Up Study.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Article
- Factors associated with HIV viral suppression among adolescents in Kabale district, South Western Uganda.PloS one · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe number of people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Myanmar has been increasing rapidly in recent years. This study aimed to estimate rates of virological failure on first-line ART and switching to second-line ART due to treatment failure at the Integrated HIV Care program (IHC).
methodsRoutinely collected data of all adolescent and adult patients living with HIV who were initiated on first-line ART at IHC between 2005 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The cumulative hazard of virological failure on first-line ART and switching to second-line ART were estimated. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios were calculated using the Cox regression model to identify risk factors associated with the two outcomes.
resultsOf 23,248 adults and adolescents, 7,888 (34%) were tested for HIV viral load. The incidence rate of virological failure among those tested was 3.2 per 100 person-years follow-up and the rate of switching to second-line ART among all patients was 1.4 per 100 person-years follow-up. Factors associated with virological failure included: being adolescent; being lost to follow-up at least once; having WHO stage 3 and 4 at ART initiation; and having taken first-line ART elsewhere before coming to IHC. Of the 1032 patients who met virological failure criteria, 762 (74%) switched to second-line ART.
conclusionsWe found high rates of virological failure among one third of patients in the cohort who were tested for viral load. Of those failing virologically on first-line ART, about one quarter were not switched to second-line ART. Routine viral load monitoring, especially for those identified as having a higher risk of treatment failure, should be considered in this setting to detect all patients failing on first-line ART. Strategies also need to be put in place to prevent treatment failure and to treat more of those patients who are actually failing.
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