ArticlePloS one2017
The swimming test is effective for evaluating spasticity after contusive spinal cord injury.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Symptomatic Management of Sudden Unilateral Severe Spasticity Following a Fall in a Patient With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Report-From Etiology To Symptom-Focused.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Acupuncture Activates PI3K/Akt Pathway to Promote Spinal Microglial M2 Polarization and Alleviate Spastic Hemiplegia Following Ischemic Stroke.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- [Kahweol improves motor function of mice with spinal cord injury by inhibiting microglial activationNan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2025Article
- Knowledge Gaps Regarding Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy and Its Effect on the Fetus: A Systematic Review Focused on Women.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Disuse plasticity limits spinal cord injury recovery.iScience · 2025Article
- Rate-Dependent Depression of the Hoffmann Reflex: Practical Applications in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2024Review
- Conditional Astrocyte Rac1KO Attenuates Hyperreflexia after Spinal Cord Injury.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- A Review of Treatment Methods Focusing on Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Transplantation for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- Delayed viral vector mediated delivery of neurotrophin-3 improves skilled hindlimb function and stability after thoracic contusion.Experimental neurology · 2023Article
- New insights into acupuncture techniques for poststroke spasticity.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- The Anti-Inflammatory Agent Bindarit Attenuates the Impairment of Neural Development through Suppression of Microglial Activation in a Neonatal Hydrocephalus Mouse Model.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- The Relationship between Physical Activity Level and Functional Status of Subjects with High Spinal Cord Injury.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- A Method of Assessment of the Motor Function of Hind Limbs by Swim Test in Spinal Cord Injury Models.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2022Article
- Evidence of treating spasticity before it develops: a systematic review of spasticity outcomes in acute spinal cord injury interventional trials.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2022Review
- The Overexpression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Neurotrophin-3 Promote Functional Recovery and Alleviate Spasticity After Spinal Cord Injury.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Early escitalopram administration as a preemptive treatment strategy against spasticity after contusive spinal cord injury in rats.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Delayed Injection of a Physically Cross-Linked PNIPAAm-ACS omega · 2020Article
- Sex may influence motor phenotype in a novel rodent model of cerebral palsy.Neurobiology of disease · 2020Article
- Review
- Intramuscular Injection of Adenoassociated Virus Encoding Human Neurotrophic Factor 3 and Exercise Intervention Contribute to Reduce Spasms after Spinal Cord Injury.Neural plasticity · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spasticity is a frequent chronic complication in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the severity of spasticity varies in patients with SCI. Therefore, an evaluation method is needed to determine the severity of spasticity. We used a contusive SCI model that is suitable for clinical translation. In this study, we examined the feasibility of the swimming test and an EMG for evaluating spasticity in a contusive SCI rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats received an injury at the 8th thoracic vertebra. Swimming tests were performed 3 to 6 weeks after SCI induction. We placed the SCI rats into spasticity-strong or spasticity-weak groups based on the frequency of spastic behavior during the swimming test. Subsequently, we recorded the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) and examined the immunoreactivity of serotonin (5-HT) and its receptor (5-HT2A) in the spinal tissues of the SCI rats. The spasticity-strong group had significantly decreased rate-dependent depression of the H-reflex compared to the spasticity-weak group. The area of 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the spasticity-strong group. Thus, both electrophysiological and histological evaluations indicate that the spasticity-strong group presented with a more severe upper motor neuron syndrome. We also observed the groups in their cages for 20 hours. Our results suggest that the swimming test provides an accurate evaluation of spasticity in this contusive SCI model. We believe that the swimming test is an effective method for evaluating spastic behaviors and developing treatments targeting spasticity after SCI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.