ReviewDialogues in clinical neuroscience2016
Sex in the brain: hormones and sex differences.
Review in Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 237 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex Differences in Tryptophan Metabolism: A Systematic Review Focused on Neuropsychiatric Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Gender discrepancies and differences in motor and non-motor symptoms, cognition, and psychological outcomes in the treatment of Parkinson's disease with subthalamic deep brain stimulation.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Aerobic Exercise with Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay Diet Promotes Brain Cells' Longevity despite Sex Hormone Deficiency in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Trial
- Widespread neuronal hemokinin-1 expression in motor regions and its protective role in age-related impairment.GeroScience · 2026Article
- MeCP2 Governs maternal hyperandrogenism-induced cortical defects and behavioral alterations via noncanonical AR-dependent regulation of Mef2c.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Early Pubertal Development Is a Risk Factor for Psychotic-Like Experiences in Boys and Girls.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- The influence of pain on the cognitive function of middle-aged and older couples in China.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Postmortem tissue biomarkers of menopausal transition.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Current status and associated factors of intraoperative pain during radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation under conscious sedation: single-center experience.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Observational
- Introducing the SAGE study: a multimodal protocol for testing a GABAergic mechanism of age-related episodic memory impairment across the sexes.BMJ neurology open · 2026Article
- Brain network localization of structural and functional abnormality associated with aggression.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Paradoxical mTORC1-Dependent microRNA-mediated Translation Repression in the Nucleus Accumbens of Male Mice Consuming Alcohol Attenuates Glycolysis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Sex/Gender Differences in the Effects of Childhood Abuse on Future Risk of Depression: Longitudinal Evidence from the Global Flourishing Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Transcriptomic sex differences in early human fetal brain development.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Leveraging research into sex differences and steroid hormones to improve brain health.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- The role of ovarian hormone dynamics in metabolic phenotype and gene expression in female mice.Hormones and behavior · 2025Article
- Role of androgen receptors in sexually dimorphic phenotypes in UBE3A-dependent autism spectrum disorder.iScience · 2025Article
- Deficiency of the palmitoyl acyltransferase ZDHHC7 modulates depression-like behaviour in female mice after a mild chronic stress paradigm.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- The X chromosome's influences on the human brain.Science advances · 2025Article
- Observational
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected by estrogens, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences, and responses to sex hormones in brain regions and upon functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era in our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
28179809PMC5286723W2588103072What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.