ReviewDialogues in clinical neuroscience2016
Sex differences in the developing brain as a source of inherent risk.
Review in Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evidence of susceptibility to autism risks associated with early life ambient air pollution: A systematic review.Environmental research · 2022Pooled it
- A pilot multiplex salivary transcriptomic analysis to understand the sex-specific effects of maternal opioid use in offspring.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A transient sex-biased transcriptional program shapes early postnatal L2/3 neuron development.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Chronic Physiological Dysregulation and Changes in Depressive Symptoms: Testing Sex and Race as Vulnerability Factors.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Perfluorooctanoic acid disrupts hepatic metabolism in the developing chicken embryo.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2025Article
- Protective versus Risk Factors for 18-month Outcomes in a multi-decade sample of preterm infants age 23-30 weeks.Medical research archives · 2025Article
- A Pilot Multiplex Salivary Transcriptomic Analysis to Understand the Sex-specific Effects of Maternal Opioid Use in Offspring.Research square · 2025Article
- Polygenicity in a box: Copy number variants, neural circuit development, and neurodevelopmental disorders.Current opinion in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Sex Differences in Human Brain Structure at Birth.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Gender differences and clinical correlates in the age of the first hospitalization in patients with drug-naïve schizophrenia in China: a cross-sectional study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Sex-specific developmental gene expression atlas unveils dimorphic gene networks in C. elegans.Nature communications · 2024Article
- It is time to explore the impact of length of gestation and fetal health on the human lifespan.Aging cell · 2024Article
- Sex-Biased Expression and Response of microRNAs in Neurological Diseases and Neurotrauma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Antenatal Magnesium Sulfate Benefits Female Preterm Infants but Results in Poor Male Outcomes.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Few sex differences in regional gray matter volume growth trajectories across early childhood.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Relationship Between Neurodevelopmental Areas and Difficulties in Emotional-Behavioural Variables in Children With Typical Development Under 2 Years of Age: Sex Differences.Psychologica Belgica · 2024Article
- Sex and age effects on gray matter volume trajectories in young children with prenatal alcohol exposure.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Article
- Why do we need sex-balanced studies of autism?Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2023Article
- Integrated analysis of robust sex-biased gene signatures in human brain.Biology of sex differences · 2023Article
- Genetic and environmental mouse models of autism reproduce the spectrum of the disease.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Review
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Brain development diverges in males and females in response to androgen production by the fetal testis. This sexual differentiation of the brain occurs during a sensitive window and induces enduring neuroanatomical and physiological changes that profoundly impact behavior. What we know about the contribution of sex chromosomes is still emerging, highlighting the need to integrate multiple factors into understanding sex differences, including the importance of context. The cellular mechanisms are best modeled in rodents and have provided both unifying principles and surprising specifics. Markedly distinct signaling pathways direct differentiation in specific brain regions, resulting in mosaicism of relative maleness, femaleness, and sameness through-out the brain, while canalization both exaggerates and constrains sex differences. Non-neuronal cells and inflammatory mediators are found in greater number and at higher levels in parts of male brains. This higher baseline of inflammation is speculated to increase male vulnerability to developmental neuropsychiatric disorders that are triggered by inflammation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
28179808PMC5286722W2755056900What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.