ArticlePloS one2017
Sputum biomarkers in IPF: Evidence for raised gene expression and protein level of IGFBP-2, IL-8 and MMP-7.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and impact of comorbid obstructive sleep apnoea in diffuse parenchymal lung diseases.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Association between tumor necrosis factor-α and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Therapeutic advances in respiratory diseasePooled it
- Alveolar Epithelial Cell Loss of the Mitochondrial Regulator TFAM Drives Progressive Lung Fibrosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Hallmarks of the ageing lung: 10 years later.The European respiratory journal · 2026Review
- Effects of the WNT signaling pathway on inflammation and fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Clinical, radiological and molecular evaluation.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- Matrix metalloproteinases levels in induced sputum in IPF and CTD-ILD.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Cellular plasticity and regenerative mechanisms in the lung.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- A narrative review of the early diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with lung cancer.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Review
- Pathologic Signaling and Disease Implications of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Fibrosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Induced sputum KL-6 combined with HRCT scoring for diagnosing and monitoring idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Observational
- Induced sputum: current progress and prospect.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Mechanisms and markers of lung ageing in health and disease.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
- Transforming growth factor-beta is increased in sputum from individuals with rheumatoid arthritis-associated pulmonary fibrosis.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Article
- Comparison of the Results of Modeling Pulmonary Fibrosis in Sprague Dawley Rats by Intratracheal Administration of Bleomycin in the Form of Sulfate and Chloride at a Dose of 3 mg/kg.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Highlights on Future Treatments of IPF: Clues and Pitfalls.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Current insight and future direction.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2024Article
- Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins and Cellular Senescence Are Involved in the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Fibrosis in a Mouse Model.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Osteopontin: an essential regulatory protein in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Journal of molecular histology · 2024Review
- Mitigation of Oxidative Stress in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Through Exosome-Mediated Therapies.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rare lung disease of unknown origin leading rapidly to death. This paper addresses the issue of whether sputum induction is a suitable tool to study respiratory tract inflammation and potential biomarkers in IPF compared to COPD, a fibrosing airway wall disease.
methodsIn a cross-sectional analysis, 15 IPF patients, 32 COPD and 30 healthy subjects underwent sputum induction. Total sputum cell counts and the amount of TGF- β, IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IL-8, IL-13, MMP-7, MMP-9, YKL-40, TNF-α and KL-6 in sputum supernatant were analysed. We also profiled gene expression of cells in the induced sputum for TGF-β, MMP-7, YKL-40, IGFBP-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α.
resultsIPF patients, like COPD, had increased sputum absolute number of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages and epithelial cells compared to HS. IPF sputum supernatants had increased concentrations of IGFBP-2, IL-8, TGF-β, MMP-7, MMP-9 and KL-6 (p<0.05, p<0.0001, p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.0001, p<0.05 respectively) when compared to healthy subjects where COPD had higher IL-6 and TNF-α levels than IPF (p<0.05 and p<0.05 respectively) and HS (p<0.0001 and p<0.001 respectively) and higher IL-8 and MMP-9 than HS (p<0.0001 and p<0.001 respectively). Conversely to IL-6 and TNF-α, MMP-7 was increased in IPF compared to COPD (p<0.05). The KL-6 and MMP-7 protein levels in sputum were inversely correlated with total lung capacity (TLC, % of predicted) in IPF patients (r = -0.73 and r = -0.53 respectively). Sputum gene expression analysis identified a significant increase for IGFBP-2, IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-7 in IPF compared to HS (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.05 and p<0.0001 respectively) and for IGFBP-2, YKL-40, IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-7 compared to COPD (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.0001 respectively). Furthermore, gene expression of TGF-β was increased in IPF compared to COPD (p<0.001) but not to HS.
conclusionOur data show clear increase in expression and production of IGFBP-2, IL-8 and MMP-7 in sputum from patients with IPF that may contribute to the disease.
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