ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2017
Peripheral inflammatory cytokines and immune balance in Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Case-controlled study.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Inflammatory Cytokine Changes Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Animal Models and Humans.Translational stroke research · 2022Pooled it
- Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis.Brain and behavior · 2021Pooled it
- The Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Regulatory Signaling by IL-33 in the Brain and Liver: A Focused Systematic Review of Mouse and Human Data and Risk of Bias Assessment of the Literature.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between peripheral inflammatory cytokines and generalised anxiety disorder.BMJ open · 2019Pooled it
- Association between peripheral inflammation and free-water imaging in Major Depressive Disorder before and after ketamine treatment - A pilot study.Journal of affective disorders · 2022Trial
- One-day acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) workshop improves anxiety but not vascular function or inflammation in adults with moderate to high anxiety levels in a randomized controlled trial.General hospital psychiatryTrial
- Nicotine self-administration suppresses both pro- and anti-inflammatory accumbens cytokines but does not induce apoptosis in female rats.Addiction neuroscience · 2026Article
- Psychological stress during medical internship is associated with inflammatory signatures linked to mental health.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Revisiting 'environmental effects': Directions for multidisciplinary investigations of air quality and psychopathology.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Neuroimmune mechanisms in PTSD: inflammatory heterogeneity, circuit dysfunction, and biomarker-based subtypes.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Neurotrophins and Galectin-3: Hidden Keys in Neuroinflammation-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Interaction Between Mental Distress and Opioid Maintenance Treatment Impacts Levels of Circulating Cytokines.Addiction biology · 2026Article
- Associations between parental history of dementia and plasma markers of inflammation in a multi-ethnic middle-aged community of adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Anxiety and depression symptoms after angiographically negative spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.Neurosurgical review · 2026Article
- The bidirectional effects of hemorrhoids, depression, and anxiety: a prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Article
- Altered serum interleukin-4 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 levels are associated with generalized anxiety disorder: a case-control study.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Article
- Risk factors for postoperative ileus following transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a retrospective study.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Understanding How Mental Health Influences IBD Outcomes: A Review of Potential Culprit Biological Mechanisms.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- The Pediatric Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Development and Intervention.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionPrevious investigations have demonstrated that major depression is associated with particular patterns of cytokine signalling. The primary aim of this study was to examine peripheral pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immune balance in Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
methodsA case-controlled cross-sectional study design was employed: 54 patients with GAD and 64 healthy controls were recruited. Participants completed self-report measures of anxiety and depression. Two pro-inflammatory and two anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured using multiplex technology.
resultsCase-control logistic regression analyses revealed significant differences in serum levels of IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ between GAD and control groups after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking and alcohol consumption: these group differences were independent of the presence or degree of depression. Comparison of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios indicated that there were significantly higher ratios of TNF-α/IL10, TNF-α/IL4, IFN-γ/IL10, and IFN-γ/IL4 in the GAD group compared to the control group.
conclusionsThis study is the first to investigate both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their balance in patients with GAD in comparison to healthy controls. The findings indicate a relatively increased pro-inflammatory response and decreased anti-inflammatory response and provide the first demonstration of an altered cytokine balance in GAD. Serum cytokine levels in GAD were independent of the presence of depression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.