ArticlePloS one2017
HTLV-1 is predominantly sexually transmitted in Salvador, the city with the highest HTLV-1 prevalence in Brazil.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- How do socioeconomic determinants of health affect the likelihood of living with HTLV-1 globally? A systematic review with meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/-2) infection in pregnant women in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Current approaches for detection of human T-lymphotropic virus Type 1: A systematic review.Journal of cellular physiology · 2019Pooled it
- Dolutegravir Reduces Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Proviral Load and Improves Neurological Outcomes in a Phase 2 Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Trial
- Prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection among transgender women in Brazil: A multicenter study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses 1 and 2 in Individuals Infected with Hepatitis C Virus in Belém do Pará, Brazil.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- Epidemiology and Clinical Outcomes of HTLV-1: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Endemic and Nonendemic Regions.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2026Review
- Untangling the causes of geographical disparities in the clinical outcome of HTLV-1 infection: a critical perspective on the contribution of viral genetic diversity.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Prevalence of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 associated inflammatory myopathies (HAIM) in Salvador, Brazil.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Observational
- Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV): Epidemiology, Genetic, Pathogenesis, and Future Challenges.Viruses · 2025Review
- Article
- Multicenter cross-sectional study of HTLV-1 prevalence and associated risk factors in epidemiologically relevant groups across Brazil.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Characterization of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma patients with specific skin lesions in a tertiary dermatological service in Brazil.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- HTLV infection in urban population from Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil.Retrovirology · 2024Article
- Article
- Determination of molecular epidemiologic pattern of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in Alborz province, Iran.Virus genes · 2024Article
- Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 infection among Latin American pregnant women living in Spain.IJID regions · 2024Article
- Understanding the Immunopathology of HTLV-1-Associated Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Review.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Epidemiological and molecular evidence of intrafamilial transmission through sexual and vertical routes in Bahia, the state with the highest prevalence of HTLV-1 in Brazil.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSalvador is the city with the highest number of HTLV-1 infected individuals in Brazil, yet the main route of HTLV-1 transmission is unknown.
objectiveTo investigate the association of syphilis infection as a proxy for sexual transmission of HTLV-1 infection in the general population of this city.
methodsA cross sectional population-based study was conducted with 3,451 serum samples obtained by a representative simple random sampling. Data on gender, age, income, and years of education were collected by questionnaire and the presence of HTLV, HIV and Treponema pallidum infection was determined by serology. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent effect of the potential explanatory variables to HTLV-1 infection and Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% CI were calculated.
resultsThe majority of studied individuals were female (56.4%), had less than 7 years of education (55.3%) and earned two or less minimum wages (52.0%). The overall prevalence of HTLV-1 was 1.48% (51/3,451; 95% CI: 1.10%- 1.94%), which increased with age. Only three persons younger than 17 (3/958; 0.31%; CI 95% 0.06-0.91) years were infected by HTLV-1. Among the 45 syphilis positives, 12 (26.7%) were HTLV positive, while among 21 HIV positives, only one (4.8%) was HTLV positive. HTLV-1 infection was found to be associated with syphilis infection (ORADJUSTED 36.77; 95% CI 14.96-90.41).
conclusionThe data presented herein indicate that horizontal transmission between adults is the main route of HTLV-1 infection in the general population of Salvador and that this is likely to occur through sexual contact.
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