ArticlePloS one2017
Silymarin suppresses basal and stimulus-induced activation, exhaustion, differentiation, and inflammatory markers in primary human immune cells.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Screening and functional validation of key genes inFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Gut microbiome-induced metabolites promote the role of Silybin as adjunctive drug in HIV-positive immunological nonresponders.Gut microbes reports · 2025Article
- Effect of polyphenols against complications of COVID-19: current evidence and potential efficacy.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2024Review
- Silymarin and Inflammation: Food for Thoughts.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The favorable impacts of silibinin polyphenols as adjunctive therapy in reducing the complications of COVID-19: A review of research evidence and underlying mechanisms.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022Review
- Phytochemicals in Cancer Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Medicinal plants: Treasure for antiviral drug discovery.Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2021Review
- Silymarin Inhibits Glutamate Release and Prevents against Kainic Acid-Induced Excitotoxic Injury in Rats.Biomedicines · 2020Article
- Differential regulation of CD4Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2018Article
- Application of Spray Drying Particle Engineering to a High-Functionality/Low-Solubility Milk Thistle Extract: Powders Production and Characterization.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Silymarin (SM), and its flavonolignan components, alter cellular metabolism and inhibit inflammatory status in human liver and T cell lines. In this study, we hypothesized that SM suppresses both acute and chronic immune activation (CIA), including in the context of HIV infection. SM treatment suppressed the expression of T cell activation and exhaustion markers on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from chronically-infected, HIV-positive subjects. SM also showed a trend towards modifying CD4+ T cell memory subsets from HIV+ subjects. In the HIV-negative setting, SM treatment showed trends towards suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines from non-activated and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-activated primary human monocytes, and non-activated and cytokine- and T cell receptor (TCR)-activated mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The data suggest that SM elicits broad anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activity in primary human immune cells. By using novel compounds to alter cellular inflammatory status, it may be possible to regulate inflammation in both non-disease and disease states.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.