Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28153987›Full record

ArticleCirculation2017

Sex Differences in Faculty Rank Among Academic Cardiologists in the United States.

Daniel M Blumenthal, Andrew R Olenski, Robert W Yeh, Doreen DeFaria Yeh, Amy Sarma, Ada C Stefanescu Schmidt, Malissa J Wood, Anupam B Jena

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Circulation, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
66citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

66 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Cardiovascular imaging in women: from diagnostic bias to inclusive cardiovascular science.European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice · 2026
    Article
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  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Balancing Panels: Lets Call on Women Speakers.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Cultivating a thriving environment for women in cardiology through leadership and inclusion.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2025
    Article
  11. Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024
    Review
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease.Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal · 2024
    Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Daniel M BlumenthalFrom Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.B., D.D.Y., A.S., A.C.S.S., M.J.W.); Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.R.O., A.B.J.); Susan A. and Richard F. Smith Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.Y.); Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.B.J.); and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (A.B.J.). dblumenthal1@partners.org.
Andrew R OlenskiFrom Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.B., D.D.Y., A.S., A.C.S.S., M.J.W.); Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.R.O., A.B.J.); Susan A. and Richard F. Smith Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.Y.); Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.B.J.); and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (A.B.J.).
Robert W YehFrom Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.B., D.D.Y., A.S., A.C.S.S., M.J.W.); Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.R.O., A.B.J.); Susan A. and Richard F. Smith Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.Y.); Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.B.J.); and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (A.B.J.).
Doreen DeFaria YehFrom Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.B., D.D.Y., A.S., A.C.S.S., M.J.W.); Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.R.O., A.B.J.); Susan A. and Richard F. Smith Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.Y.); Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.B.J.); and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (A.B.J.).
Amy SarmaFrom Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.B., D.D.Y., A.S., A.C.S.S., M.J.W.); Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.R.O., A.B.J.); Susan A. and Richard F. Smith Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.Y.); Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.B.J.); and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (A.B.J.).
Ada C Stefanescu SchmidtFrom Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.B., D.D.Y., A.S., A.C.S.S., M.J.W.); Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.R.O., A.B.J.); Susan A. and Richard F. Smith Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.Y.); Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.B.J.); and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (A.B.J.).
Malissa J WoodFrom Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.B., D.D.Y., A.S., A.C.S.S., M.J.W.); Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.R.O., A.B.J.); Susan A. and Richard F. Smith Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.Y.); Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.B.J.); and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (A.B.J.).
Anupam B JenaFrom Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.B., D.D.Y., A.S., A.C.S.S., M.J.W.); Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.R.O., A.B.J.); Susan A. and Richard F. Smith Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.Y.); Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.B.J.); and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (A.B.J.).

Funding

TRAINING PROGRAM IN CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCHT32HL007604 · NHLBI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI MARK W FEINBERG · 1985 to 2026
$19.0M
Physician Determinants of Health Care Spending, Quality, and Patient OutcomesDP5OD017897 · OD · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI JENA, ANUPAM BAPU · 2013 to 2017
$2.1M
NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL007604NIH HHS DP5 OD017897
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundStudies demonstrate that women physicians are less likely than men to be full professors. Comprehensive evidence examining whether sex differences in faculty rank exist in academic cardiology, adjusting for experience and research productivity, is lacking. Therefore, we evaluated for sex differences in faculty rank among a comprehensive, contemporary cohort of US cardiologists after adjustment for several factors that impact academic advancement, including measures of clinical experience and research productivity.

methodsWe identified all US cardiologists with medical school faculty appointments in 2014 by using the American Association of Medical Colleges faculty roster and linked this list to a comprehensive physician database from Doximity, a professional networking website for doctors. Data on physician age, sex, years since residency, cardiology subspecialty, publications, National Institutes of Health grants, and registered clinical trials were available for all academic cardiologists. We estimated sex differences in full professorship, adjusting for these factors and medical school-specific fixed effects in a multivariable regression model.

resultsAmong 3810 cardiologists with faculty appointments in 2014 (13.3% of all US cardiologists), 630 (16.5%) were women. Women faculty were younger than men (mean age, 48.3 years versus 53.5 years, P<0.001), had fewer total publications (mean number: 16.5 publications versus 25.2 publications; P<0.001), were similarly likely to have National Institutes of Health funding (proportion with at least 1 National Institutes of Health award, 10.8% versus 10.4%; P=0.77), and were less likely to have a registered clinical trial (percentage with at least 1 clinical trial, 8.9% versus 11.1%; P=0.10). Among 3180 men, 973 (30.6%) were full professors in comparison with 100 (15.9%) of 630 women. In adjusted analyses, women were less likely to be full professors than men (adjusted odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.94; P=0.02; adjusted proportions, 22.7% versus 26.7%; absolute difference, -4.0%; 95% confidence interval, -7.5% to -0.7%).

conclusionsAmong cardiology faculty at US medical schools, women were less likely than men to be full professors after accounting for several factors known to influence faculty rank.

Indexed as

Sex FactorsCardiologistsFaculty, MedicalFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedUnited Statesacademic cardiologypolicy makingprofessional developmentwomenworkforce

Identifiers

PMID28153987
PMCPMC5308800

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.