ArticleFrontiers in psychology2017
On the Maintenance of Expectations in Major Depression - Investigating a Neglected Phenomenon.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cognitive-behavioral group therapy in major depressive disorder with focus on self-esteem and optimism: an interventional study.BMC psychiatry · 2022Trial
- Standardized Manual-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment in Patients With Comorbid Mental Disorders: Qualitative Interview Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Promoting Flexibility in Expectations: A Randomized-Controlled Online-Intervention Study for Mild Psychopathological Symptoms.Clinical psychology in Europe · 2026Article
- How mood shapes belief updating bias in depression.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025Review
- Initial Expectations and Confidence Affect the Formation of Novel Self-Beliefs and Their Revision.Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science · 2025Article
- The Influence of Psychosocial Factors on Disability and Expected Improvement Before Surgery for Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury.The Journal of hand surgery · 2024Article
- Treatment expectations of patients and clinicians: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- The Interplay Between Expected Psychological Responses to Exercise and Physical Activity in Analogue Generalized Anxiety Disorder: a Cross-sectional Study.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Influence of motivational placebo-related factors on the effects of exercise treatment in depressive adolescents.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2022Article
- Response to unexpected social inclusion: A study using the cyberball paradigm.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Unraveling Negative Expectations and Nocebo-Related Effects in Musculoskeletal Pain.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- You Were Better Than Expected-An Experimental Study to Examine Expectation Change in a Non-clinical Sample.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Association between the dispositional optimism and depression in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psicologia, reflexao e critica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS · 2021Review
- A Revised Framework for the Investigation of Expectation Update Versus Maintenance in the Context of Expectation Violations: The ViolEx 2.0 Model.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- The Potential Role of Awe for Depression: Reassembling the Puzzle.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- No1LikesU! - A Pilot Study on an Ecologically Valid and Highly Standardised Experimental Paradigm to Investigate Social Rejection Expectations and Their Modification.Clinical psychology in Europe · 2020Article
- Working With the Predictable Life of Patients: The Importance of "Mentalizing Interoception" to Meaningful Change in Psychotherapy.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
- Role of placebo effects in pain and neuropsychiatric disorders.Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry · 2018Review
- Patients' Expectations Regarding Medical Treatment: A Critical Review of Concepts and Their Assessment.Frontiers in psychology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this perspective paper, we suggest that among patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD), dysfunctional expectations are maintained despite experiences that are contrary to these expectations. Surprisingly, this persistence of expectations in MDD has not yet been addressed by empirical studies. We argue that it is worthwhile to investigate this phenomenon with the aim of improving the treatment of MDD, and we provide a theoretical framework for understanding it. It is hypothesized that the persistence of expectations is primarily due to a process called immunization. That is, people experiencing depressive symptoms may cognitively reappraise the contradictory experience such that expectations do not need to be changed. There may be two mechanisms underlying this immunization: (1) the experience in the expectation-violating situation is considered to be an exception; or (2) the credibility of the information gained from the experience is called into question. Moreover, the maintenance of expectations may be particularly persistent if a person's expectations reflect his or her self-concept, as self-concept has been shown to be associated with future expectations. To empirically examine the hypothesized maintenance of expectations in MDD, we propose an experimental approach which could provide important implications for the treatment of MDD within cognitive behavioral therapy. We suggest that psychological interventions such as behavioral experiments should more rigorously focus on patients' appraisal of expectation-violating experiences in order to prevent immunization processes. Therapists should continuously examine whether patients' expectations were modified and should address the reasons for the maintenance of expectations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.