ArticlePediatrics2017
Smoking in Pregnancy and Child ADHD.
Article in Pediatrics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 129 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Prenatal smoking, alcohol and caffeine exposure and offspring externalizing disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Pooled it
- The impact of paternal alcohol, tobacco, caffeine use and physical activity on offspring mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Reproductive health · 2021Pooled it
- Early environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders - a systematic review of twin and sibling studies.Development and psychopathology · 2021Pooled it
- Maternal Thyroid Function During Pregnancy or Neonatal Thyroid Function and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Prenatal cigarette exposure induces offspring hyperactivity and affective alterations via gut -brain axis metabolic dysregulation and region-specific neuronal hyperactivation.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Exploring parental prenatal influences on child health: A multicohort study and data visualisation tool.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Multigenerational smoking during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth: a population-based 3-generation cohort study.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Maternal smoking based on pre-birth health examination and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: insights from a Korean mother-child cohort.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Intra-familial dynamics of mental distress during the Covid-19 lockdown.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Route selection impairment and microglia activation in a rodent model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Talking to Your Patients About Alcohol, Marijuana, and Substance Use During Pregnancy.The primary care companion for CNS disorders · 2025Article
- Maternal immune-mediated conditions and ADHD risk in offspring.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Sibling Control Analysis of Perinatal Health and Family Environment Factors Related to Childhood ADHD Symptoms.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Association of secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy with left ventricle structure and function in offspring at 4 years old: a prospective birth cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Article
- Joint effect of docosahexaenoic acid intake and tobacco smoke exposure on learning disability in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study from the NHANES database.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Children at Risk of Specific Learning Disorder: A Study on Prevalence and Risk Factors.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Deep-Learning-Based Analysis Reveals a Social Behavior Deficit in Mice Exposed Prenatally to Nicotine.Cells · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveThere is a well-documented association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The degree to which this reflects causal intrauterine effects or is due to unmeasured confounding is not clear. We sought to compare the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring ADHD with the associations with paternal smoking, grandmother's smoking when pregnant with mother, and maternal smoking in previous pregnancies. Each of these exposures is expected to be influenced by much of the same confounding factors as maternal smoking during pregnancy, but cannot have direct intrauterine effects. A sibling control design was also used.
methodsThe current study used data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (n > 100 000 children). Mothers and fathers reported on smoking during pregnancy, and mothers reported on smoking in previous pregnancies and their mother's smoking when pregnant with them. Mothers reported on child ADHD symptoms at 5 years of age. Information about child ADHD diagnosis was obtained from the Norwegian Patient Registry.
resultsMaternal smoking during pregnancy was not more strongly associated with offspring ADHD diagnosis than was paternal smoking, grandmother's smoking when pregnant with mother, or maternal smoking in previous pregnancies. Sibling control analyses showed no association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and child ADHD symptoms among siblings discordant for maternal smoking.
conclusionsThese results suggest that the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring ADHD is not due to causal intrauterine effects, but reflects unmeasured confounding.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.