ReviewCirculation2017
Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.
Review in Circulation, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 422 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of 4 Days of Extended Evening Fasting on Metabolic Health, Energy Balance and Appetite
The Effect of Acute Time-Restricted Eating on Energy Intake, Subjective Appetite and Glycaemic Control in Young Healthy Males
The Association of Mindful Eating With Current Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Who cites it
422 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 713 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Meal time and meal regularity: is it associated with pediatric obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Temporal Eating Patterns and Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review.Current nutrition reports · 2025Pooled it
- A Bibliometric Analysis of Chrononutrition, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Public Health in International Research (1957-2025).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of time-restricted eating on body composition and metabolic parameters in overweight and obese women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The impact of intermittent fasting on gut microbiota: a systematic review of human studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction Compared with Those of Continuous Energy Restriction on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Adults.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- The effects of eating frequency on changes in body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized trials.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of skipping breakfast on cardiovascular risk factors: a grade-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Time-Restricted Eating Promotes Weight Loss and Favorable Changes in Adipose in Obesity: The TREAD Randomized Control Trial.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Trial
- The swift study: dietary profiles of night shift workers characterised by overweight and obesity.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Chronobiology of meal timing in early-stage hypertension: a controlled feeding pilot study investigating the effects on renal and vascular function.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Trial
- Objective and subjective appetite measures: high versus low eating frequency in a randomized crossover clinical trial.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Trial
- Daytime eating during simulated night work mitigates changes in cardiovascular risk factors: secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Plasma Lipid Profile Among Perimenopausal Latvian Women in Relation to Dietary Habits.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- No Effect of High Eating Frequency Compared with Low Eating Frequency on Appetite and Inflammation Biomarkers: Results from a Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Changes in eating patterns in response to chronic insufficient sleep and their associations with diet quality: a randomized trial.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2023Trial
362 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Eating patterns are increasingly varied. Typical breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals are difficult to distinguish because skipping meals and snacking have become more prevalent. Such eating styles can have various effects on cardiometabolic health markers, namely obesity, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. In this statement, we review the cardiometabolic health effects of specific eating patterns: skipping breakfast, intermittent fasting, meal frequency (number of daily eating occasions), and timing of eating occasions. Furthermore, we propose definitions for meals, snacks, and eating occasions for use in research. Finally, data suggest that irregular eating patterns appear less favorable for achieving a healthy cardiometabolic profile. Intentional eating with mindful attention to the timing and frequency of eating occasions could lead to healthier lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factor management.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.