SynthesisBMC research notes2017
Meta-analysis to estimate the load of Leptospira excreted in urine: beyond rats as important sources of transmission in low-income rural communities.
Synthesis in BMC research notes, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Epidemiological study of leptospiral interaction in bovine farms in rural areas of Colombia: A One Health approach.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Leptospirosis in Southeast Asia: Investigating Seroprevalence, Transmission Patterns, and Diagnostic Challenges.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- Leptospira and Leptospirosis: A Review of Species Classifications, Genomes, Morphological Structures, Antimicrobial Resistances, Transmissions, and Clinical Manifestations.Current microbiology · 2026Review
- A Guidance for Diagnosis, Control Measures, and Surveillance of Leptospirosis in Non-Human Primates From a Veterinary Perspective in a One-Health Approach.Journal of medical primatology · 2025Review
- Development of leptospiral virulence-modifying protein detection assay: implications for pathogenesis and diagnostic test development.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Backyard Livestock Guinea Pigs Are Reservoirs forTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- High prevalence and diversity ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- A first insight into the occurrence ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- DETERMINANTS AND MAPPING OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN KEBUMEN, INDONESIA: CASE-CONTROL STUDY.African journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- One Health Field Approach Applied to Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Across Humans, Animals and the Environment.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The role of asymptomatic cattle for leptospirosis dynamics in a herd with imperfect vaccination.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Serologically Confirmed Human Leptospirosis in Colombia, 2015-2020.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Leptospira interrogans encodes a canonical BamA and three novel noNterm Omp85 outer membrane protein paralogs.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Leptospirosis in India: insights on circulating serovars, research lacunae and proposed strategies to control through one health approach.One health outlook · 2024Review
- Domestic dogs in indigenous Amazonian communities: Key players in Leptospira cycling and transmission?PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- A Cross Sectional Study on the Bidirectional Interactions Between Leptospirosis and HIV Infection Among Patients from Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique.Research and reports in tropical medicine · 2024Article
- Disentangling the influence of reservoir abundance and pathogen shedding on zoonotic spillover of theFrontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Leptospirosis and the Environment: A Review and Future Directions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Urine shedding patterns of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in dairy cows.Veterinary research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLeptospirosis is a major zoonotic disease with widespread distribution and a large impact on human health. Carrier animals excrete pathogenic Leptospira primarily in their urine. Infection occurs when the pathogen enters a host through mucosa or small skin abrasions. Humans and other animals are exposed to the pathogen by direct contact with urine, contaminated soil or water. While many factors influence environmental cycling and the transmission of Leptospira to humans, the load of pathogenic Leptospira in the environment is likely to play a major role. Peridomestic rats are often implicated as a potential source of human disease; however exposure to other animals is a risk factor as well. The aim of this report is to highlight the importance of various carrier animals in terms of the quantity of Leptospira shed into the environment. For this, we performed a systematic literature review and a meta-analysis of the amount of pathogen that various animal species shed in their urine.
resultsThe quantity of pathogen has been reported for cows, deer, dogs, humans, mice, and rats, in a total of 14 research articles. We estimated the average Leptospira per unit volume shed by each animal species, and the daily environmental contribution by considering the total volume of urine excreted by each carrier animal. Rats excrete the highest quantity of Leptospira per millilitre of urine (median = 5.7 × 10
conclusionsHere we illustrate how, in a low-income rural Ecuadorian community, host population demographics, and prevalence of Leptospira infection can be integrated with estimates of shed Leptospira to suggest that peridomestic cattle may be more important than rats in environmental cycling and ultimately, transmission to humans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.