ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2017
Formation and Clearance of All-Trans-Retinol in Rods Investigated in the Living Primate Eye With Two-Photon Ophthalmoscopy.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Roadmap on advances in visual and physiological optics.Journal of optics (2010) · 2025Review
- On the physiological processes underlying optoretinography [Invited].Biomedical optics express · 2025Review
- The First Steps of the Visual Cycle in Human Rod and Cone Photoreceptors.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Lipofuscin, Its Origin, Properties, and Contribution to Retinal Fluorescence as a Potential Biomarker of Oxidative Damage to the Retina.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Evolution of adaptive optics retinal imaging [Invited].Biomedical optics express · 2023Review
- Towards a New Biomarker for Diabetic Retinopathy: Exploring RBP3 Structure and Retinoids Binding for Functional Imaging of Eyes In Vivo.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Human cone elongation responses can be explained by photoactivated cone opsin and membrane swelling and osmotic response to phosphate produced by RGS9-catalyzed GTPase.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Adaptive optics two-photon excited fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium in the living non-human primate eye.Biomedical optics express · 2022Article
- Photoreceptor cells and RPE contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2021Review
- Fluorescent detection of PARP activity in unfixed tissue.PloS one · 2021Article
- Arrangement of the photoreceptor mosaic in a diabetic rat model imaged with multiphoton microscopy.Biomedical optics express · 2020Article
- Localized Photoreceptor Ablation Using Femtosecond Pulses Focused With Adaptive Optics.Translational vision science & technology · 2020Article
- Adaptive optics two-photon microscopy enables near-diffraction-limited and functional retinal imaging in vivo.Light, science & applications · 2020Article
- Simplified approach to least-square fitting of fluorescence lifetime ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) data by fixating lifetimes.Biomedical optics express · 2019Article
- Imaging Retinal Activity in the Living Eye.Annual review of vision science · 2019Review
- Cellular-scale evaluation of induced photoreceptor degeneration in the living primate eye.Biomedical optics express · 2019Article
- Selective S Cone Damage and Retinal Remodeling Following Intense Ultrashort Pulse Laser Exposures in the Near-Infrared.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2018Article
- Two-photon imaging of the mammalian retina with ultrafast pulsing laser.JCI insight · 2018Article
- Fundus autofluorescence beyond lipofuscin: lesson learned fromBiomedical optics express · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: Two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) imaging has potential as a functional tool for tracking visual pigment regeneration in the living eye. Previous studies have shown that all-trans-retinol is likely the chief source of time-varying TPEF from photoreceptors. Endogenous TPEF from retinol could provide the specificity desired for tracking the visual cycle. However, in vivo characterization of native retinol kinetics is complicated by visual stimulation from the imaging beam. We have developed an imaging scheme for overcoming these challenges and monitored the formation and clearance of retinol. Methods: Three macaques were imaged by using an in vivo two-photon ophthalmoscope. Endogenous TPEF was excited at 730 nm and recorded through the eye's pupil for more than 90 seconds. Two-photon excited fluorescence increased with onset of light and plateaued within 40 seconds, at which point, brief incremental stimuli were delivered at 561 nm. The responses of rods to stimulation were analyzed by using first-order kinetics. Results: Two-photon excited fluorescence resulting from retinol production corresponded to the fraction of rhodopsin bleached. The photosensitivity of rhodopsin was estimated to be 6.88 ± 5.50 log scotopic troland. The rate of retinol clearance depended on intensity of incremental stimulation. Clearance was faster for stronger stimuli and time constants ranged from 50 to 300 seconds. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a method for rapidly measuring the rate of clearance of retinol in vivo. Moreover, TPEF generated due to retinol can be used as a measure of rhodopsin depletion, similar to densitometry. This enhances the utility of two-photon ophthalmoscopy as a technique for evaluating the visual cycle in the living eye.
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